46) Approximately what fraction of Nigerian citizens live in cities?
A) one-third
B) one-half
C) one-quarter
D) two-thirds
E) three–quarters
47) What is the term for a social unit in Sub-Saharan Africa that is typically smaller than a tribe
or ethnic group, but larger than a family, based on descent from a common ancestor?
A) clan
B) royal family
C) cultural group
D) linguistic group
E) extended family
48) Of the following languages, which is the least used in Sub-Saharan Africa?
A) English
B) Spanish
C) French
D) Dutch
E) Arabic
49) In what category are indigenous African religions generally placed?
A) Animist
B) Buddhist
C) Christian
D) Islamic
E) Protestant
50) What role did disease play in European efforts to colonize Africa?
A) As in Latin America, European diseases devastated the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa,
facilitating European conquest.
B) Endemic tropical diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa killed many Europeans, and delayed their
conquest of the region.
C) Initially, endemic tropical diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa killed many Europeans, but later,
European diseases devastated the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa.
D) Initially, European diseases devastated the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa; later endemic
tropical diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa killed many Europeans, but by then, European conquest
was well underway.
E) Disease played no role.
51) What language began as a trade language in Sub-Saharan Africa and is now the most widely
used language in the region?
A) French
B) Arabic
C) Swahili
D) Spanish
E) Portuguese
52) Angola and Mozambique were former European colonies—what is their official language?
A) English
B) French
C) Arabic
D) Spanish
E) Portuguese
53) The Austronesian language family is only found in what country?
A) Mozambique
B) Comoros Islands
C) Madagascar
D) Kenya
E) Tanzania
54) The armed jihadist group Boko Haram primarily operates in
A) the Congo.
B) Nigeria.
C) Mali.
D) Kenya.
E) Tanzania.
55) The Alaba cartel in Nigeria controls
A) the arms trade.
B) the drug trade.
C) political protection rackets.
D) film distribution.
E) human trafficking.
56) The first European colonists came from
A) Great Britain.
B) France.
C) Spain.
D) Italy.
E) Portugal.
57) What is the most important of the indigenous language groups of Sub-Saharan Africa?
A) Niger-Congo
B) Khoisan
C) Austronesian
D) Nilo–Saharan
E) Indo-European
58) From the 1500s until 1870, about how many Africans were transported to the Americas as
slaves?
A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 5 million
D) 7 million
E) 12 million
59) What form of Christianity is most common in Ethiopia?
A) Roman Catholicism
B) Orthodox Christianity
C) New Age Christians
D) Coptic Christianity
E) Protestantism
60) When did most countries of Sub-Saharan Africa gain independence?
A) during the first decade of the twentieth century
B) in the years immediately following World War I
C) in 1946 and 1947
D) from the mid-1950s through the mid-1960s
E) in the 1990s
61) What is the term for a person who has fled from a conflict, but who still resides in his or her
country of origin?
A) a refugee
B) a dissident
C) an excommunicated resident
D) an internally displaced person
E) an emigrant
62) Which of the following countries did NOT receive African territory in the Berlin
Conference?
A) France
B) Germany
C) Great Britain
D) Portugal
E) United States
63) European colonization was effective throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, with the exception of
one country. What was that exception?
A) Algeria
B) Ethiopia
C) Nigeria
D) Sudan
E) Uganda
64) Which European country had lost all of its African colonies by the end of WWI?
A) Portugal
B) Belgium
C) Germany
D) France
E) all of the above
65) Which of the following statements regarding decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa is most
accurate?
A) Decolonization of the region happened slowly but violently beginning in 1917.
B) Decolonization of the region happened quite gradually and peacefully beginning in 1947.
C) Decolonization of the region happened rather quickly and peacefully beginning in 1957.
D) Decolonization of the region happened abruptly and violently beginning in 1977.
E) Decolonization of the region began in 1980.
66) What Sub-Saharan African territory declared its independence in the 1990s, but has yet to be
recognized as independent by any other nations?
A) Soweto
B) Somaliland
C) Swaziland
D) Rwanda
E) Burundi
67) Which of the following was NOT one of the elements or characteristics of apartheid?
A) It was an official policy of racial segregation.
B) It was practiced in the country of South Africa.
C) Whites, coloureds (mixed-race), Indians (South Asian), and Africans (blacks) were all
categories for the purpose of segregation.
D) Blacks were crowded into the least desirable areas, forming squatter settlements called
townships.
E) Non-whites (blacks, coloureds, and Indians) were enslaved.
68) Of the following countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, which one saw the least political strife in
the 1990s?
A) Kenya
B) Rwanda
C) Zaire/Democratic Republic of Congo
D) Liberia
E) Sudan
69) What territory successfully seceded from Ethiopia in 1993 and became a new country after
twenty years of civil war?
A) Biafra
B) Shaba province
C) Eritrea
D) Zululand
E) South Africa
70) What is a kleptocracy?
A) an African democracy that is led by representatives from all its native tribes
B) a state where corruption is so institutionalized that large percentages of the country’s wealth is
siphoned off by politicians and government bureaucrats
C) an African nation that has recently achieved independence from its colonial masters
D) an African nation that is communist ruled
E) a state that allies itself with OPEC
71) What is Sub-Saharan Africa‘s main trading partner?
A) the European Union
B) the United States
C) Asia
D) North Africa
E) Russia
72) According to the World Bank, there are about how many cell phones per 100 Africans?
A) 15
B) 20
C) 30
D) 38
E) 45
73) According to the World Bank, what percentage of Sub-Saharan Africans lived on less than
$2 a day?
A) 88
B) 69
C) 58
D) 49
E) 40
74) Throughout the decade of the 2000s, China’s trade with Sub-Saharan Africa grew on average
________% per year.
A) 4
B) 8
C) 15
D) 20
E) 30
75) What country has begun offering African nations money for roads, railways, and schools
with relatively few strings attached in order to secure oil from African countries to fuel its
development?
A) United States
B) China
C) Germany
D) Japan
E) Great Britain
76) Life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa is ________ years
A) 40
B) 48
C) 55
D) 60
E) 65
77) By the early 1990s, Sub-Saharan Africa’s foreign debt was around
A) $30 billion.
B) $70 billion.
C) $100 billion.
D) $200 billion.
E) $400 billion.
78) According to the graphic below, in which of the following countries does foreign aid make
up the smallest percentage of their GNI?
A) Ghana
B) Liberia
C) Malawi
D) Mali
E) Burundi
79) Economic aid is extremely important for many African states, and foreign direct investment
in the region substantially increased from only $4.5 billion in 1995 to $________ billion in 2010.
A) 100
B) 50
C) 25
D) 18
E) 15
80) Which country is the unchallenged economic powerhouse in Sub-Saharan Africa?
A) Sudan
B) Zimbabwe
C) Ghana
D) Nigeria
E) South Africa
81) Describe the major landforms and general distribution of climate types of Sub-Saharan
Africa.
82) Write an essay discussing wildlife conservation efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Where has the
decline of wildlife in this region been especially problematic? What are some of the initiatives
that have been undertaken to conserve this resource?
83) What is the Sahel and what are the problems currently facing this African region?
84) Write an essay discussing tropical deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa. In which countries in
this region is deforestation especially problematic, and in which countries is it not so? What are
the reasons for the differing rates of deforestation in these locations?
85) What factors explain the large family size of Sub-Saharan Africa? What conditions would be
necessary to encourage parents to have smaller families? What might be some of the effects of
having smaller families?
86) What effect has HIV/AIDS had on Sub-Saharan Africa? In which areas of the region has the
spread of this disease been the greatest? What are the reasons for the variation of rates of this
disease among different countries in the region?
87) Write an essay in which you discuss the ethnic tensions and some of the current hot spots of
conflict in the region. Be certain to cite the major players in this conflict as well as the reason for
these tensions.
88) Discuss the colonization of Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the scramble for Africa. Include a
brief discussion of decolonization and independence
89) Discuss the meaning of the term “Tyranny of the Map” in relation to Sub-Saharan Africa.
90) Why was the Berlin conference both an important event and an important symbol of
European colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa?
91) Why is it important to address the status of women? What is the typical status of women in
Sub-Saharan Africa and are there any signs of improvement?
92) Discuss the issue of aid versus investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Discuss the issue of debt
relief. What role do these play in African economies?