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18) Which of the following statements concerning the required rate of return on stocks is true?
A) The higher an investor’s required rate of return, the higher the value of the stock.
B) If risk is reduced, the required return will decrease because more investors are risk-averse.
C) The required return on preferred stock is generally higher than the required return on common
stock.
D) The higher the risk, the higher the required return, other things being equal.
19) Which of the following statements concerning the constant growth dividend valuation model
is true?
A) The required rate of return must exceed the growth rate.
B) The dividend growth rate must be bigger than 8%.
C) The growth rate must increase every year.
D) The required rate of return must be equal to the growth rate for dividends.
20) A small biotechnology research corporation has been experiencing losses for the first three
years of its existence, and thus has a negative balance in retained earnings. The corporation’s
stock price, however, is $1 per share. Which of the following statements is most correct?
A) Investors are irrational to pay $1 per share when earnings per share have been negative for
three years.
B) Investors believe the stock is worth $1 per share because future earnings (and cash flows) are
expected to be positive.
C) The corporation’s accountants must have made a mistake because retained earnings may not
be negative.
D) The required return on the stock will be small because the company has very few assets.
21) A small company struggling to reach profitability just announced a major new government
contract that will validate its technology and generate revenue for the next several years. The
announcement of the contract will
A) cause the stock price to increase because rcs (the required return) is likely to increase.
B) cause the stock price to decrease because the government usually pays below market price for
the goods and services it purchases.
C) cause the stock price to increase because rcs (the required return) is likely to decrease and g
(the growth rate in future dividends) is likely to increase.
D) have no effect on the stock price because the company has not yet paid any dividends.
22) Using the constant growth dividend valuation model and assuming dividends will growth a