Test Bank for Accounting, Tools for Business Decision Making Fifth Edition
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Solution 138 (cont.)
Sales Mix
Green 25% × 60,000 = 15,000 bikes
Brown 45% × 60,000 = 27,000 bikes
Blue 30% × 60,000 = 18,000 bikes
Ex. 139
DeMont Tax Services provides primarily two lines of service: accounting and tax. Accounting–
related services represent 60% of its revenue and provide a contribution margin ratio of 30%. Tax
services represent 40% of its revenue and provide a 40% contribution margin ratio. The
company’s fixed costs are $4,250,000.
Instructions
(a) Calculate the revenue from each type of service that the company must achieve to break
even.
(b) The company has a desired net income of $1,700,000. What amount of revenue would
DeMont earn from tax services if it achieves this goal with the current sales mix?
Ex. 140
Blue Chance Co. sells computers and video game systems. The business is divided into two
divisions along product lines. Variable costing income statements for the current year are
presented below:
Computers VG Systems Total
Sales $700,000 $300,000 $1,000,000
Variable costs 420,000 210,000 630,000
Contribution margin $280,000 $ 90,000 370,000
Fixed costs 296,000
Net income $ 74,000
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues
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Ex 140 (cont.)
Instructions
(a) Determine the sales mix and contribution margin ratio for each division.
(b) Calculate the company’s weighted-average contribution margin ratio.
(c) Calculate the company’s break-even point in dollars.
(d) Determine the sales level, in dollars, for each division at the break-even point.
Ex. 141
Hewitt Co. has 4,000 machine hours available to produce either Product 22 or Product 44. The
cost accounting department developed the following unit information for each product:
Product 22 Product 44
Sales price $25 $50
Direct materials 6 8
Direct labor 3 2
Variable manufacturing overhead 4 5
Fixed manufacturing overhead 3 5
Machine time required 15 minutes 60 minutes
Instructions
Management wants to know which product to produce in order to maximize the company’s
income. Taking into consideration the constraints under which the company operates, prepare a
report to show which product should be produced and sold.
Test Bank for Accounting, Tools for Business Decision Making Fifth Edition
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
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Solution 141 (10–12 min.)
Ex. 142
Reynolds, Inc. manufactures and sells two products. Relevant per unit data concerning each
product are given below:
Product
Standard Deluxe
Selling price $50 $75
Variable costs $26 $33
Machine hours 2 3
Instructions
(a) Compute the contribution margin per unit of limited resource for each product.
(b) If 1,000 additional machine hours are available, which product should be manufactured?
Ex. 143
Oscar Corporation produces and sells three products. Unit data concerning each product is
shown below.
Product
X Y Z
Selling price $200 $300 $250
Direct labor costs 45 75 60
Other variable costs 110 130 106
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues
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Ex 143 (cont.)
The company has 2,000 hours of labor available to build inventory in anticipation of the
company’s peak season. Management is trying to decide which product should be produced. The
direct labor hourly rate is $15.
Instructions
(a) Determine the number of direct labor hours per unit.
(b) Determine the contribution margin per direct labor hour.
(c) Determine which product should be produced and the total contribution margin for that
product.
Ex. 144
Shanahan Co. of Dublin, Ireland is contemplating a major change in its cost structure. Currently,
all of its drafting work is performed by skilled draftsmen. Mike Shanahan the owner, is considering
replacing the draftsmen with a computerized drafting system.
However, before making the change, Mike would like to know the consequences of the change,
since the volume of business varies significantly from year to year. Shown below are CVP income
statements for each alternative.
Manual System Computerized System
Sales $1,500,000 $1,500,000
Variable costs 1,200,000 900,000
Contribution margin 300,000 600,000
Fixed costs 150,000 450,000
Net income $150,000 $150,000
Test Bank for Accounting, Tools for Business Decision Making Fifth Edition
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
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Ex. 144 (cont.)
Instructions
(a) Determine the degree of operating leverage for each alternative.
(b) Which alternative would produce the higher net income if sales increased by $300,000?
Ex. 145
The following CVP income statements are available for Chantal Corp. and Mantle, Inc.
Chantal Corp. Mantle, Inc.
Sales revenue $700,000 $700,000
Variable costs 350,000 210,000
Contribution margin 350,000 490,000
Fixed costs 175,000 315,000
Net income $175,000 $175,000
Instructions
(a) Compute the degree of operating leverage for each company.
(b) Assume that sales revenue decreases by 20%. Prepare a CVP income statement for each
company.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues
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Solution 145 (cont.)
Ex. 146
An investment banker is analyzing two companies that specialize in the production and sale of
gourmet cappuccino and chai mixes. Roasted Beans Co. uses a labor-intensive approach and
Monat Industries uses a mechanized system. Variable costing income statements for the two
companies are shown below:
Roasted Beans Monat Industries
Sales $1,000,000 $1,000,000
Variable costs 650,000 300,000
Contribution margin 350,000 700,000
Fixed costs 175,000 525,000
Net Income $ 175,000 $ 175,000
The investment banker is interested in acquiring one of these companies. However, she is
concerned about the impact that each company’s cost structure might have on its profitability.
Instructions
(a) Calculate each company’s degree of operating leverage.
(b) Determine the effect on each company’s net income if sales decrease by 10% and if sales
increase by 15%. Do not prepare income statements.
Test Bank for Accounting, Tools for Business Decision Making Fifth Edition
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aEx. 147
Indicate with a check mark whether each of the following would be a product cost or a period cost
under an absorption or a variable system for Sour Industries.
Absorption Variable
Product Period Product Period
a. Direct materials ________ ________ ________ _______
b. Direct labor ________ ________ ________ _______
c. Factory utilities ________ ________ ________ _______
d. Factory rent ________ ________ ________ _______
e. Indirect labor ________ ________ ________ _______
f. Factory supervisor salaries ________ ________ ________ _______
g. Factory maintenance (variable) ________ ________ ________ _______
h. Factory depreciation ________ ________ ________ _______
i. Sales salaries ________ ________ ________ _______
j. Sales commissions ________ ________ ________ _______
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues
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aEx. 148
Nimble Corp. manufactures and sells a variety of camping products. Recently the company
opened a new plant to manufacture a deluxe portable cooking unit. Cost and sales data for the
first month of operations are shown below:
Manufacturing Costs
Fixed Overhead $140,000
Variable overhead $3 per unit
Direct labor $12 per unit
Direct material $30 per unit
Beginning inventory 0 units
Units produced 10,000
Units sold 9,000
Selling and Administrative Costs
Fixed $200,000
Variable $4 per unit sold
The portable cooking unit sells for $110. Management is interested in the opening month’s results
and has asked for an income statement.
Instructions
Assume the company uses absorption costing. Calculate the production cost per unit and prepare
an income statement for the month of June, 2013.
Test Bank for Accounting, Tools for Business Decision Making Fifth Edition
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aEx. 149
On-Road Wheels, Inc. manufactures a basic road bicycle. Production and sales data for the most
recent year are as follows (no beginning inventory):
Variable production costs $90 per bike
Fixed production costs $400,000
Variable selling and administrative costs $22 per bike
Fixed selling and administrative costs $550,000
Selling price $200 per bike
Production 20,000 bikes
Sales 18,000 bikes
Instructions
(a) Prepare a brief income statement using absorption costing.
(b) Compute the amount to be reported for inventory in the year-end absorption costing balance
sheet.
aEx. 150
On-Road Wheels, Inc. manufactures a basic road bicycle. Production and sales data for the most
recent year are as follows (no beginning inventory):
Variable production costs $95 per bike
Fixed production costs $400,000
Variable selling and administrative costs $22 per bike
Fixed selling and administrative costs $550,000
Selling price $200 per bike
Production 20,000 bikes
Sales 16,000 bikes
Instructions
(a) Prepare a brief income statement using variable costing.
(b) Compute the amount to be reported for inventory in the year-end variable costing balance
sheet.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues
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aSolution 150 (8–12 min.)
aEx. 151
Cutting Edge Corp. produces sporting equipment. In 2012, the first year of operations, Cutting
Edge produced 25,000 units and sold 20,000 units. In 2013, the production and sales results
were exactly reversed. In each year, selling price was $100, variable manufacturing costs were
$40 per unit, variable selling expenses were $8 per unit, fixed manufacturing costs were
$540,000, and fixed administrative expenses were $200,000.
Instructions
(a) Compute the net income under variable costing for each year.
(b) Compute the net income under absorption costing for each year.
(c) Reconcile the differences each year in income from operations under the two costing
approaches.
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aEx. 152
Graham is a division of Flynn, Inc. The division manufactures and sells a pump that is used in a
wide variety of applications. During the coming year, it expects to sell 30,000 units for $25 per
unit. Steve Moss, division manager, is considering producing either 30,000 or 35,000 units during
the period. Other information is presented in the schedule below:
Division Information – 2013
Beginning inventory 0
Expected sales in units 30,000
Selling price per unit $25
Variable manufacturing cost per unit $7
Fixed manufacturing overhead costs (total) $420,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead costs per unit
Based on 30,000 units ($420,000 ÷ 30,000) $14
Based on 35,000 units ($420,000 ÷ 35,000) $12
Manufacturing cost per unit
Based on 30,000 units ($7 variable + $14 fixed) $21
Based on 35,000 units ($7 variable + $12 fixed) $19
Selling and administrative expenses (all fixed) $25,000
Instructions
(a) Prepare an absorption costing income statement with one column showing the results if
30,000 units are produced and one column showing the results if 35,000 units are produced.
(b) Why is income different for the two production levels when sales is 30,000 units either way?
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues
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aEx. 153
Graham is a division of Flynn, Inc. The division manufactures and sells a pump that is used in a
wide variety of applications. During the coming year, it expects to sell 30,000 units for $20 per
unit. Steve Moss, division manager, is considering producing either 30,000 or 40,000 units during
the period. Other information is presented in the schedule below:
Division Information – 2013
Beginning inventory 0
Expected sales in units 30,000
Selling price per unit $20
Variable manufacturing cost per unit $7
Fixed manufacturing overhead costs (total) $360,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead costs per unit
Based on 30,000 units ($360,000 ÷ 30,000) $12
Based on 40,000 units ($360,000 ÷ 40,000) $9
Manufacturing cost per unit
Based on 30,000 units ($7 variable + $12 fixed) $19
Based on 40,000 units ($7 variable + $9 fixed) $16
Selling and administrative expenses (all fixed) $25,000
Instructions
Prepare a variable costing income statement with one column showing the results if 30,000 units
are produced and one column showing the results if 40,000 units are produced.
Test Bank for Accounting, Tools for Business Decision Making Fifth Edition
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COMPLETION STATEMENTS
154. The ______________ income statement classifies cost as variable or fixed and computes
a contribution margin.
155. _________________ tells a company how far sales can drop before it will be operating at
a loss.
156. ___________________ is the relative percentage in which a company sells its multiple
products.
157. When more than one product is sold, the break-even point can be determined by dividing
fixed expenses by _______________________.
158. When a company has ________________, management must decide which products to
make and sell in order to maximize net income.
159. ___________________ refers to the relative proportion of fixed versus variable costs that
a company incurs.
160. The _________________________ provides a measure of a company’s earnings volatility
and can be used to compare companies.
a161. Under _____________________ all manufacturing costs are charged to, or absorbed by,
the product.
a162. Fixed manufacturing costs are treated as period costs under ______________________.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues
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a163. When production exceeds sales, a portion of the _____________________ is deferred to
a future period as part of the cost of ending inventory under absorption costing, but not
under variable costing.
a164. When units produced exceed units sold, income under absorption costing is ___________
than income under variable costing.
a165. Management may be tempted to overproduce in a given period in order to increase net
income if _______________ is used for internal decision making.
Answers to Completion Statements
SHORT-ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
S-A E 166
A CVP income statement is frequently prepared for internal use by management. Describe the
features of the CVP income statement that make it more useful for management decision-making
than the traditional income statement that is prepared for external users.
S-A E 167
Nancy Sound, president of Crosley Corp., has heard about operating leverage and asks you to
explain this term. What is operating leverage? How does a company increase its operating
leverage?
Test Bank for Accounting, Tools for Business Decision Making Fifth Edition
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
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Solution 167
aS-A E 168
Define variable costing and absorption costing. What are some of the benefits to a manager from
using variable costing instead of absorption costing for internal decision making?
saS-A E 169
How do differences in production and sales levels affect income under absorption and variable
costing?