(d) were created by the Nixon administration on August 15, 1971.
Answer:
Changes in the payments system
(a) are rare and their effect on money demand can usually be ignored.
(b) usually result in an increase in money demand.
(c) are hard to incorporate into empirical money demand functions.
(d) cause interest rates to rise, if everything else is held constant.
Answer:
Under the Bretton Woods system an asymmetry in the ability of central banks to defend
their exchange rates existed because
(a) a country experiencing an excess demand for its currency on foreign-exchange
markets was limited in its ability to defend its exchange rate by its stock of international
reserves.
(b) a country experiencing an excess supply of its currency on foreign-exchange
markets was limited in its ability to defend its exchange rate by its stock of international
reserves.
(c) central banks were allowed by the IMF to adjust their exchange rates upward