Time and motion studies sprang from the contingency management school of theory.
Downward communication provides the feedback required by upward communication.
Productivity is usually expressed as the ratio of inputs to outputs.
External forces are outside the control of the manager.
Motivation factors are the primary cause of job satisfaction.
Companies that employ unionized workers must bargain collectively to create a
contract.
Accountability means being answerable for your actions.
There are very few elements for managers to counteract employee resistance to change.
Similar to managerial functions, control must be the final step in decision making.
Our contemporary society is a complex mix of conflicting demands.