Person-centered research has been conducted on:
a. treating specific behavioral problems.
b. the hypothesized necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality
change.
c. comparing the outcomes of person-centered therapy with other models.
d. treatment of personality disorders.
e. all of these.
From a reality therapy framework, psychological symptoms are viewed as:
a. the problem to address in therapy.
b. merely the underlying dynamic of a particular problem.
c. a chosen behavior.
d. unconscious patterns.
e. feelings that need to be expressed.
The constructivist perspective in cognitive therapy holds that:
a. clients must accept objective reality if they hope to change.
b. there is really no difference between objective and subjective reality.
c. one’s problems are merely a product of one’s imagination.
d. there are multiple realities and a therapist’s task is to help clients appreciate how they
construct their realities and how they author their own stories.
e. we all construct irrational beliefs and must change those if we hope to find happiness.
For Sartre, existential guilt is what we experience when:
a. we do not live by the Ten Commandments.
b. we fail to think about the welfare of others.
c. we allow others to define us or to make our choices for us.
d. we reflect on all that we might have done and failed to do.
Which is not a key concept of feminist therapy?
a. the personal is political
b. the counseling relationship is egalitarian
c. commitment to confronting oppression
d. women’s problems are viewed from an intrapsychic perspective
e. the personal and social and interrelated
The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual
stage of development?
a. anal stage
b. genital stage
c. oral stage
d. phallic stage
e. latency stage
According to Maslow, the core characteristics of self-actualizing people include all of
the following except:
a. self-awareness
b. freedom
c. basic honesty and caring
d. trust and autonomy
e. dichotomies within oneself
Techniques that differentiate behavioral group therapy from other models of group
work include all but:
a. conducting behavioral assessment.
b. collaboratively forming precise treatment goals.
c. a time-limited intervention.
d. providing members with feedback regarding their therapeutic progress.
Stephanie, who believes strongly in feminist principles, is working in an agency that
requires therapists to diagnose their clients using the DSM. Stephanie is likely to
consider which of the following questions?
a. Does my client suffer from Axis I or Axis II psychopathology?
b. Who benefits from using this label? How might this label contribute to
disempowering the person to whom it is assigned?
c. If my client is diagnosed with a personality disorder, will the insurance company
cover long-term treatment?
d. When is the next DSM being published? I can hardly wait. What a great read!
Which of the following interventions involves a shift from “blaming the victim” to
consideration of social factors in the environment that contribute to a client’s problem?
a. paradoxical intention
b. reframing
c. relabeling
d. gender-role analysis
The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing
terms, or in categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as:
a. magnification and exaggeration.
b. polarized thinking.
c. arbitrary inference.
d. overgeneralization.
Which of the following approaches to therapy is based on the A-B-C theory of
personality?
a. reality therapy
b. rational emotive behavior therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. solution-focused brief therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
The person-centered approach has been applied to:
a. personal-growth groups.
b. education
c. family therapy.
d. foreign relations.
e. all of these.
Of the following, what is an interest that social constructionists tend to share?
a. helping clients better understand objective reality
b. using paradoxical techniques
c. using a genogram to teach families about conflicts
d. generating new meaning in the lives of individuals
e. helping clients tap into the collective unconscious
Which of the following approaches challenges social and cultural injustices that lead to
oppression of certain groups?
a. family systems therapy
b. psychoanalytic therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. narrative therapy
e. reality therapy
As one prepares to terminate from behavior therapy, what is least likely to happen?
a. The therapist might evaluate the client’s self-efficacy.
b. The therapist might talk with the client about relapse prevention.
c. The therapist might engage the client in free association to determine whether the
clients inner conflicts have been resolved.
d. The therapist might inform the client that he or she will check in with him or her in a
few months to see how things are going.
e. both (a) and (b).
Stan acquired his beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applied them
inappropriately and broadly in many contexts of his life. This is an example of which
form of cognitive distortion?
a. arbitrary inferences
b. overgeneralization
c. personalization
d. labeling and mislabeling
e. polarized thinking
What is an ABC Analysis according to behavior therapists?
a. It is an analysis of the television network, ABC.
b. It is a procedure in which the therapist strives to select an identified issue and
determine empirically what environmental conditions are related to the issue, what
conditions are preventing its resolution, and what strengths and resources are available
for its resolution.
c. It is the initial phase of the WDEP system of therapy.
d. It is an assessment of fundamental skills, which indicates whether or not a client has
the cognitive abilities to engage in reinforcement-based activities.
e. It is the assessment protocol used before, during, and after behavioral treatments.
Beck’s cognitive therapy involves all of the options below except:
a. helping clients recognize and discard self defeating thinking.
b. looking at a client’s “internal dialogue.”
c. correcting erroneous beliefs.
d. conducting a lifestyle assessment.
Adler chose the name ___________________for his theoretical approach because:
a. IndividualPsychology; he wanted to avoid reductionism.
b. Individual Psychology; someone else had already adopted the name he wanted to use.
c. Ego Psychology; he did not want anyone to confuse his approach with Id Psychology.
d. Ego Psychology; he emphasized consciousness and deemphasized the power of the
instincts.
All of the following are characteristics of the behavioral approaches except:
a. Behavior therapy relies on the principles and procedures of the scientific method.
b. Behavior therapy specifies treatment goals in concrete and objective terms.
c. Behavior therapy focuses on the client’s current problems and the factors influencing
them.
d. Behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular
dysfunctional behavior.
A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Rogers’s writings is:
a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering.
b. the need for a religion to find meaning in life.
c. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues.
d. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate
of trust is established.
e. the need for clients to relive past traumatic situations in the here-and-now.
Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best
described as:
a. displacement.
b. introjection.
c. reaction formation.
d. projection.
e. none of these.
Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to
view the world:
a. from an objective frame of reference.
b. from his or her own subjective frame of reference.
c. from the client’s frame of reference.
d. from the frame of reference of a particular theory.
e. none of these
Erik Erikson based his theory on:
a. the role of spirituality in the development of the personality.
b. critical tasks associated with each stage of development.
c. principles of learning theory.
d. birth order and the family constellation.
One item in the series of five does not fit with the other four items. Identify the word or
phrase that does not fit with the rest of the series.
(a) solution-focused therapy, (b) dialectical behavior therapy, (c) exception questions,
(d) miracle question, (e) formula first session task
Historically, counselors have been:
a. resistant to developing an integrated model of psychotherapy.
b. at war regarding the issues of the “best” methods of treatment.
c. quick to discount contributions of a competing theoretical model.
d. all of these
Which technique is considered essential in existential therapy?
a. free association
b. analysis of resistance
c. analysis of dysfunctional family patterns
d. role playing
e. none of these
Self-management strategies include:
a. self-monitoring.
b. self-award.
c. self-contracting.
d. stimulus control.
e. all of these
What do the four feminist philosophies (liberal, cultural, radical, and socialist
feminism) have in common?
a. the same view of the sources of oppression of women
b. the same methods of bringing about societal change
c. the same goal of activism
d. a basic agreement that the therapist is the expert
e. a basic agreement on the value of diagnosis in counseling
The premise of the exposure-based therapies is that anxiety is reduced through:
a. extinction of a maladaptive response to a feared stimulus.
b. habituation.
c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response.
d. progressive muscle relaxation.
e. negative reinforcement.
One item in the series of five does not fit with the other four items. Identify the word or
phrase that does not fit with the rest of the series.
(a) ego-defense mechanism, (b) anxiety, (c) psychosexual development stages, (d) the
unconscious, (e) social action
One item in the series of five does not fit with the other four items. Identify the word or
phrase that does not fit with the rest of the series.
(a) establishing the relationship, (b) exploring the individual’s dynamics,(c) working
through transference neurosis, (d) encouraging insight, (e) helping with reorientation