Token reinforcement systems allow a student to become accustomed to delayed
gratification.
Schedules of reinforcement refer to patterns of timing for delivery of reinforcers.
Developmental theories verify and prove that inappropriate and maladaptive behavior
can be explained by a failure to reach or pass a particular stage.
Developmental theories are difficult to verify and prove that the causes of behavior may
be attributed to passage through a certain developmental stage.
The amount of time Terrell remains on task has consistently decreased over the last
three days. At this point, it would be appropriate for his teacher to initiate and
intervention to increase his time on task.
A statement of the conditions under which the target behavior is to be performed is not
part of a traditional behavioral objective.
A student is told that she has to sit and watch for 5-minutes due to acting
inappropriately. This is an example of nonexclusionary time-out.
Choosing behaviors to change that will be maintained by the natural environment apply
to the Premack Principle Rule.
The time dimension is indicated along the abscissa of a graph.
A teacher’s attention is usually the MOST readily available and potent reinforcer in a
classroom.
Token reinforcement systems require two components: tokens and back up reinforcers.
Too many rules may be inefficient.
One core element of the IEP is a description of the parent’s responsibilities in the IEP
process.
Typical students are always appropriate models for students with disabilities.
Three data points at zero level of performance is sufficient for a baseline.
Extinction is the elimination of a behavior resulting from the application of aversive
procedures.
Certain genetic characteristics may increase the probability of certain behavioral
characteristics.
Classroom rules should be specific and clearly established.
Bill will increase his skills in basketball by 50% for 3 weeks.
Reflexive behaviors that are not under voluntary control are associated with operant
conditioning.
Interval recording is typically used for long observation periods.
Jack dislikes math. He throws his pencil across the room and is sent to the principal’s
office. This consequence allows him to escape math. Jack is positively reinforced for
throwing his pencil.
It is unethical to exclude any student from the regular classroom regardless of its
positive or negative effects.
Self recording can always be assumed to have reinforcing qualities.
An operational definition provides concrete examples of a target behavior.
A response that occurs in the presence of an SD is said to be under stimulus control.
A behavior’s function is determined by its topography.
Students can never be taught to be accurate in self recording.
When using time sampling, the data collector records behavioral occurrence only if it
occurs at the end of an interval.
The procedure by which a “fine” is exacted for inappropriate behavior is known as real
world consequences.
Graduated guidance is a form of least-to-most prompts.
The overcorrection procedure which requires that the student restore or correct an
environment which he has disturbed to a condition greatly improved beyond its original
condition is restitutional overcorrection.
Self determined contingencies and teacher determined contingencies can be equally
effective in producing behavior change.
Negative reinforcement is the contingent removal of some unpleasant stimulus that
increases behavior.
Tom will dress himself independently for 3 consecutive days.
A positive reinforcer is also an antecedent stimulus.
Tangible reinforcers include things like extra time at recess or free time using the
computer.
Every time Andres raises his hand, he receives one point. “Raising his hand” is
considered the:
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Uncontrolled variable
d. Confounding variable
___________ is a form of time out in which the student is moved to the edge of the
activity so that he/she can still observe other students engage in appropriate behavior
and receive reinforcement.
a. time-out ribbon
b. contingent observation
c. nonexclusion time-out
d. all of the above
Self instruction is a strategy of providing oneself verbal prompts for:
a. academic content
b. answer correction
c. task completion
d. reinforcer selection
The best way to determine whether something is reinforcing to a student is to use
a. Reinforcer sampling
b. Systematic predicting
c. Caregiver guesses
d. Selective sampling
Fractionation is used to evaluate performance change when using:
a. a reversal design
b. a multiple baseline design
c. a changing conditions design
d. an alternating treatments design
Ms. Sims was having difficulty getting Tia to sit during morning circle. She decided
that she would reinforce Tia’s attempts to sit during circle time. She began by
reinforcing Tia when she was standing next to her chair, then when she had one knee on
her chair. She continued this process until Tia remained seated during morning circle
time. Ms. Sims employed which the following behavioral techniques?
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
When teaching students to set goals, they should be:
a. specific
b. achievable
c. challenging
d. all of the above
The Principle of the Least Intrusive Alternative suggests
a. that positive interventions are always more effective than aversive
b. when determining which intervention to choose, an important consideration is the
intervention’s level of intrusiveness.
c. that when selecting a procedure, a teacher should begin at Level IV and move up the
hierarchy toward less intrusive procedures
d. that the least intrusive procedure, regardless of effectiveness, should be selected.
Use of an extinction procedure may result in:
a. induced aggression
b. initial increase in behavior
c. spontaneous recovery
d. all of the above
______________ are useful primarily for analysis, not for evaluation.
a. Event recording
b. Permanent product recording
c. Anecdotal reports
d. Latency recording
The behavior principle that describes a relationship between behavior and an antecedent
stimulus rather than behavior and its consequences are known as:
a. Stimulus control
b. Respondent conditioning
c. The Law of Effect
d. Principle of Parsimony
____________ is the process of using successive approximations to teach a new
behavior or skill.
a. stimulus control
b. shaping
c. modeling
d. generalization
What is most often used in the classroom to decrease behaviors that are being
maintained by teacher attention?
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors
c. Noncontingent reinforcement
d. Extinction
Julie’s teacher was concerned with her repeated attempts to dominant class discussion
periods.Which of the following would be appropriate for reducing this behavior?
a. negative reinforcement
b. DRO
c. DRI
d. DRL
To the behaviorist, punishment occurs only when:
a. the preceding behavior decreases
b. the preceding behavior increases
c. both a and b
d. neither a or b
While in the community, Miss Nelson records whether or not Ethan is able to
independently perform each step of the shopping task analysis. This is an example of
what recording procedure?
a. Interval recording
b. Anecdotal recording
c. Permanent product recording
d. Event recording
An example of an independent variable is:
a. numbers of minutes it takes to complete 20 math problems
b. use of a number line for addition problems
c. how long it takes a student to return from the bathroom
d. how often a student asks for teacher assistance.
When using ___________ for fading prompts, the teacher begins with a level of
prompting that virtually assures that the student will produce the appropriate response.
a. Increasing assistance
b. Graduated guidance
c. Time delay
d. Decreasing assistance
The __________ of behavior describes where it occurs.
a. Force
b. Locus
c. Latency
d. Topography
Negative reinforcement is abbreviated as:
a. SR2
b. SR-
c. NR
d. NR-
“Brooke was out of her seat for 16 minutes during lunch period” is an example of what
behavioral dimension?
a. Latency
b. Frequency
c. Duration
d. Rate
A backwards chaining procedure is used to teach a student to remove her coat.
Instruction has involved:
a. presenting the whole task on each occasion
b. beginning with the last step first for instruction
c. beginning with the first step only for instruction
d. using a combination of the above three methods
What is known as a “demonstration of behavior”?
a. Modeling
b. Shaping
c. Positive Reinforcement
d. Operant Conditioning
The labels “days,” “dates,” or ‘sessions” would be found on the abscissa.
Shaping should be used when:
a. combinations of reinforcement, prompting, or chaining have failed
b. students are highly resistant to behavioral change
c. the terminal behavior is not in the student’s repertoire
d. a shaping procedure is always the first choice
During this procedure the prompt is presented in combination with the
discriminative stimulus.
a. time delay
b. least-to-most
c. simultaneous prompting
d. all of the above
The student who follows the rules each day earns 5 extra minutes at recess. Following
the rules is considered the:
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Uncontrolled variable
d. Confounding variable
This schedule of reinforcement leads to increased maintenance of the behavior.
a. CRF
b. intermittent
c. noncontingent
d. none of the above
A task analysis should be used when
a. The needs exists to systematically introduce various prompts
b. A teacher wants to decrease a student’s inappropriate behaviors
c. A teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain
d. All of the above
Which of the following is NOT considered a behavior rating scale?
a. A-B-C Descriptive Analysis
b. Functional Analysis Screening Tool (FAST)
c. Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS)
d. Problem Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ)
The stimuli that occasion or signal the opportunity to perform a behavior are known as:
a. Antecedents
b. Behaviors
c. Consequences
d. Preceding variables
When a student has been placed in time out:
a. he should remain there as long as it takes for him to quiet down
b. she should remain for a period of time equal to the amount of time she was disrupting
the class
c. one to five minutes is generally sufficient, but no longer than 15 minutes.
d. any of the above criteria is appropriate.
The _______________ design evaluates the effectiveness of an independent variable by
demonstrating that a behavior can be incrementally increased or decreased toward a
terminal performance goal.
a. alternating treatment
b. changing condition
c. changing criterion
d. multiple baseline
Explain the concept of contracting, discuss the advantages associated with contracting
Discuss the process of thinning a reinforcement schedule. Explain when a teacher
should use a dense versus sparse schedule of reinforcement.
Focusing on three strategies for teaching generalization, discuss how a teacher might
use these strategies for promoting generalized reading skills.
Differentiate form (or topography) from function when describing inappropriate
behavior.
The four components of a behavioral objective are:
Discuss some of the limitations to using activity reinforcers.
Write a behavioral objective including the four components of a behavioral objective.
Describe the importance of each component in writing an effective objective.
Define a functional relation.
What is meant by stimulus control?
Describe the difference between functional assessment and functional analysis. List and
discuss the components of each.
Compare and contrast action research and experimental research.
What is meant by extinguishing a behavior?
Draw a single subject design with hypothetical data and indicate where one would focus
in order to determine whether a functional relationship exists.
Your colleague has a student who exhibits aberrant behaviors. The teacher believes the
only way to reduce the behaviors are through the use of aversives. Discuss three
procedures that can be used to reduce aberrant behaviors in place of aversive stimuli
Interobserver agreement provides a measurement of reliability in the recording of data
being collected. Discuss the biases that can affect interobserver agreement.
As a behaviorist working in a school of teachers who believe very strongly in
developmental theory, how would you convince them that a behavioral approach may
be more appropriate for some of their students?
Discuss how Skinner’s distinguishing of operant from respondent conditioning impacted
the study of applied behavior analysis.