Which of the following is a common technique now found in antiterrorism legislation in
many European countries?
a. Re-introduction of death penalty statutes
b. Restricting and even prohibiting access to legal counsel for suspects in terrorist acts
c. Extending the length of time that government authorities can detain suspects without
charge
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Access to defense counsel in Russia is clearly improved over what it was in Soviet
times, but there remains a particular problem that some believe has compromised the
right to counsel and protection against self-incrimination. Which of the following best
reflects that concern?
a. Investigators will interrogate as a “witness” someone who is really a ‘suspect”
b. Defense counsel has no right to be present during interrogation of the defendant
c. Defense counsel is not allowed to suggest new directions for the investigation (e. g.,
request that forensic experts be called)
d. Rather than asking questions of the defendant directly, the court must always direct
questions to the defense counsel
The process by which Islamic legal scholars reach a consensus regarding how to handle
a case that does not appear to be answered by either the Qur”an or Sunna is called:
a. qiyas.
b. hadd.
c. analogy.
d. ijma.
When discussing the Japanese cultural pattern of “contextualism and harmony” the
textbook distinguishes the concept of _____, which refers to “how things appear” from
the concept of _____, which refers to the underlying reality.
a. tatemae / burakumin
b. burakumin / wa
c. tatemae / honne
d. honne / boryokudan
Instead of relying on legally trained professionals to handle disputes, Chinese citizens
may turn to mediation committees which are:
a. small groups of citizens.
b. selected (by local communist party members) police officials.
c. Buddhist priests.
d. school teachers.
An admission of guilt (i.e., a confession) in common law jurisdictions eliminates the
need for a trial. In civil law jurisdictions, an admission of guilt:
a. also eliminates the need for a trial.
b. is required before the offender can be sentenced.
c. is simply treated as additional evidence to be evaluated.
d. is the only way a convicted person can receive any leniency at sentencing.
Under the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, evidence obtained through an
illegal warrant need not be excluded at trial if the police can show that they got the
evidence while reasonably believing they were acting in accordance with the law.
a. True
b. False
The crime control model emphasizes _____ of action, whereas the due process model
emphasizes _____ of action.
a. efficiency / legitimacy
b. legislation / politicalization
c. judicial authorization / executive authorization
d. mediocrity / fallacy
Under which legal tradition do legal rights and obligations always lie with the
individual?
a. Common legal tradition
b. Eastern Asia legal tradition
c. Islamic legal tradition
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
The United Nations’ surveys on crime trends are unique because:
a. they are published annually.
b. they provide a standard classification of crime definitions and justice categories.
c. all countries complete them in exactly the same way.
d. only European nations participate in the survey.
Sarah has been sentenced by the youth court in England to repair the window she broke
when vandalizing Mr. Wilson’s home, and to also weed his garden that she damaged
when riding her bicycle across his property. Which type of “order” has Sarah most
likely received?
a. Reparation order
b. Action plan order
c. Supervision order
d. Detention and training order
What two factors determine a day fine?
a. Seriousness of the offense and the offender’s income level
b. Victim’s complaint and the value of any property lost
c. Offender’s attitude and victim’s wishes
d. Offender’s age and number of prior offenses
A country’s police, court, and corrections systems are essentially independent of, and
therefore uninfluenced by, that country’s political system.
a. True
b. False
Countries making up the European Union remain independent sovereign nations.
a. True
b. False
Three conditions must be present before an Italian judge can use the option of
dismissing a case as insufficiently serious. Which of the following is NOT one of those?
a. The offense must be minor
b. The child’s misbehavior must be only an occasional occurrence
c. Continuing prosecution would interfere with the juvenile’s education
d. The victim must agree that the harm was not serious
The three major subtraditions forming the Eastern Asia tradition are:
a. fusion, philosophy, and individualism.
b. Corpus Juris Civilis, socialism, and codification.
c. Confucianism, collectivism and context, and legal informalism.
d. precedent, harmony, and formal justice.
In an effort to better understand the operation of prisons in his neighboring country of
Canada, Matthew reads the Criminal Code of Canada and some information sent to him
by the Canadian solicitor general’s office. Matthew’s search for information exemplifies
what approach?
a. Historical
b. Situational
c. Political
d. Descriptive
An unfortunate problem with comparative studies is that countries interested in new
ideas for their own system must get those ideas from countries at a similar level of
development as themselves.
a. True
b. False
When the Schengen Convention became effective in 1995, controls on people at the
internal borders of those European countries signing the Convention were abolished.
a. True
b. False
The formal Chinese process is clearly inquisitorial in nature because the three stages of
the criminal process (investigation, charging, adjudication) are completely separate and
independent from each other.
a. True
b. False
The ‘sneak and peek” provision of the USA PATRIOT Act:
a. authorizes delayed notice of the execution of criminal search warrants.
b. allows federal agents to plant listening devices in a suspected criminal’s home, but
requires that agent to inform the suspect about the devices.
c. can only be used for crimes of terrorism.
d. was repealed in 2006.
Which of the following acts requires deception or coercion?
a. Human trafficking
b. Migrant smuggling
c. Alien smuggling
d. Refugee smuggling
In reference to cybercrime, which term is used when the computer itself is a target of
the criminal act?
a. Phishing
b. Cyber theft
c. Cyber attack
d. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)
Canadian municipal police differ from their American neighbors in that the Canadians
have the authority to enforce certain federal statutes whereas local police in the U. S.
cannot enforce federal statutes.
a. True
b. False
Agreements that are truly international (in the sense that all world’s countries have
joined in) remain only theoretically possible.
a. True
b. False
Victimization surveys have been found to provide a more complete picture of crime and
its occurrence in individual countries than do police reports of crime.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a hadd theft?
a. The value of the item taken
b. Whether or not the item was taken from a secured location
c. Whether the offender was male or female
d. Whether the act occurred in a concealed or sneaky manner
Which Saudi Arabia court hears tazir and hadd offenses punishable by flogging?
a. Court of Cassation
b. Higher Council of the Judiciary
c. General Court
d. Court of Summary Jurisdiction
This term is generally used to refer to acts that threaten world order and security.
a. Transnational crime
b. Inhuman crime
c. Global crime
d. International crime
According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT a descriptor of how public
prosecution can be accomplished?
a. Panel of judges
b. Office of public prosecution
c. Procurator
d. Prosecution by other public officials
Recalling the Chapter 2 graph showing country crime rates, New Zealand was near the
top with a fairly high crime rate, whereas _____ was near the bottom with one of the
lowest crime rates.
a. Japan
b. Finland
c. United States
d. Canada
The area of study that has an interest in determining how various countries attempt to
maintain social order and accomplish justice is _____ criminal justice.
The text explains that Packer warns us not to think of the presumption of guilt as the
opposite of the presumption of innocence. The concepts are different, he says, rather
than opposite ideas. Explain the distinction.
A(n) ______ is a particularly powerful form of testimony in Islamic law, and can even
result in the case being dismissed.
The youth court in England and Wales is actually a regular _____ court that is
reconfigured for the juvenile’s case.
Under Islamic law, criminal capacity is believed to start at age 7 then increase until the
onset of _____.
A state Director of Corrections structures his various departments around a philosophy
that encourages the reforming of offenders into productive members of society. The
punishment philosophy being expressed by the director is _____.
Of the four major legal traditions, the _____ is the oldest, relies on codification, and has
roots in Roman law.
Although there has been no U.S. Supreme Court decision on the matter, the initial
appearance before a magistrate of a person who has been arrested in the United States
typically occurs within _____ hours of arrest.
The European agency charged with facilitating the sharing of information among EU
countries regarding crimes and criminals in the European Union is _____.
When comparative criminologists study crime as social behavior, the main focus of the
study is the _____.
The country with more separate police forces than any country in the world is _____.
In Japan’s _____ Court, the judge reviews evidence related to the case, but neither
defense nor prosecution is present.
The French police structure is described as “multiple coordinated,” but there are areas
of friction between the Police Nationale and the Gendarmerie Nationale. What are
some of the things that put stress on that “coordination”?
Distinguish a legal system from a legal tradition.
The term _____ refers to the abuse of entrusted power for private gain.