Magistrates’ courts in England and Wales may be presided over by a(n):
a. unpaid lay magistrate or a paid district judge.
b. Chief Constable or Assistant Chief Constable.
c. barrister.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
In Italy, to avoid upsetting the accused juvenile, the magistrate directly questions the
juvenile but no cross-examination takes place.
a. True
b. False
The text argues that individualism is present in Japan but that it takes a different form
than in America. Explain Japan’s version of individualism.
Politicality refers to the fact that only violations of rules made by a government
authority can be crimes.
a. True
b. False
The USA PATRIOT Act is unique in American history because it is the only time
substantive law has been modified as a reaction to a traumatic event such as war.
a. True
b. False
In which type of investigation are the French judicial police (under the supervision of
district prosecutors) given the most extensive search, seizure, and detention authority?
a. Identity checks
b. Preliminary investigations
c. Investigations of flagrant offenses
d. All of the above, since French police have a similar level of authority regardless of
the offense type
To operate successfully, the crime control model requires a high rate of _____ and
_____ following a process that emphasizes speed and finality.
a. intrusion / restriction
b. effectiveness / legitimacy
c. apprehension / conviction
d. none of the above
France has two major court systems, each with separate and distinct hierarchies. Which
of the following best supports the argument that this apparently simple system is
actually quite complex?
a. Both court systems handle civil cases
b. Both court systems handle criminal cases
c. The administrative system has mid” and higher”level courts whereas the ordinary
system has only higher”level courts
d. The jurisdictional boundaries of each court system are so blurred that France had to
create a special tribunal that decides to which system a case is assigned
As one moves toward the justice end on the continuum of juvenile justice models, we
expect to find juvenile justice systems that consider children and youngsters to be
rational individuals who are responsible for their actions.
a. True
b. False
One of the reasons that Japan is said to be a decentralized single system is that police at
each of the Japanese Prefectural Headquarters are employed by the National Police
Agency (highest level officials) and the local prefecture (all other officers).
a. True
b. False
Bayley distinguishes between multiple coordinated and multiple uncoordinated systems
to separate those countries in which several forces operate with defined jurisdictions
from countries in which several forces:
a. have overlapping authority.
b. have prosecution but not investigation authority.
c. share training duties but not arrest authority.
d. operate completely independently of each other in well-delineated areas.
Which of the following refers to the category of law that determines how rules are
enforced?
a. Enforcement law
b. Substantive law
c. Procedural law
d. Specificity
In India, a detenu is a person awaiting trial.
a. True
b. False
Were Japan superimposed on a map of the United States, Japan’s islands would:
a. be about the same size as California.
b. be about the same size as Florida.
c. extend from New York’s border with Canada to the Florida panhandle.
d. extend from California’s border with Mexico to the most northern part of Alaska.
Under Islamic law, the primary way to ensure that the witness is testifying truthfully is
through a statement of family lineage.
a. True
b. False
The “wild beast test,” which developed in the thirteenth century, was a method used to
find:
a. guilt of murder.
b. insanity.
c. guilt of rape.
d. poaching.
In Sweden and Germany, a crime may carry with it a certain amount of punishment
units. The punishment units help to identify:
a. how much time a person shall serve in the system.
b. the monetary value attached to a crime.
c. how many hours of community service a person shall serve.
d. how many floggings a person shall receive.
One of the defining characteristics of probation around the world today is that:
a. probation attempts to get even with offenders.
b. probation is more concerned with the needs of the offender than the needs of the
community.
c. probation attempts to reintegrate the offender into society.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Diyya is a possible punishment for which type offense?
a. Hudud
b. Qisas
c. Tazir
d. Lex
If you were visiting a small village in France and needed a police officer, you would
most likely contact a member of the:
a. Police Nationale.
b. Gendarmerie Nationale.
c. Foreign Legion.
d. village police.
New Zealand’s Family Group Conference is criticized for not involving the victims as
much as had been hoped for.
a. True
b. False
Under the diffuse model of judicial review, determining issues of constitutionality of
laws is restricted to a specific state agency.
a. True
b. False
When we refer to legal institutions, procedures, and rules, we are referring to a:
a. legal system.
b. justice entity.
c. legal tradition.
d. justice process.
Sammy Kim confessed to (and truly committed) purse snatching; but due to the
exclusion of particular evidence at trial, the jury found Sammy not guilty. We can say
that Sammy is:
a. legally guilty but not factually guilty.
b. factually guilty but not legally guilty.
c. both legally and factually guilty.
d. neither legally nor factually guilty.
Bayley’s criterion for identifying a police system as either centralized or decentralized
is the stated locus of control.
a. True
b. False
In which of the following ways does Shari`a try to balance the harsh penalties required
for hudud crimes?
a. The penalty can only be imposed by a jury of other Muslims
b. The offender is anaesthetized before the penalty is applied
c. Rigorous rules of evidence make conviction for hudud crimes difficult
d. The penalty is only imposed on male offenders
Which of the following is NOT an approach used in the text to study different criminal
justice systems?
a. Historical
b. Situational
c. Political
d. Descriptive
Which Japanese court handles criminal matters wherein an adult is accused of violating
a child’s well-being?
a. Summary Court
b. Family Court
c. District Court
d. High Court
The process by which criminals attempt to conceal the illicit origin and ownership of
the proceeds from their unlawful activities is called piracy.
a. True
b. False
It is apparent from the textbook’s figure showing the imprisonment rate of more than 20
countries that those countries following the common legal tradition have much higher
rates than do countries following the civil legal tradition.
a. True
b. False
Financial penalties have many advantages; which of the following is NOT one of them?
a. They are inexpensive to administer
b. They can be combined with other sanctions and used in multiple sentencing goals
c. They help meet society’s desire for retribution
d. They do not damage the offender’s ties to his/her family and community
Why is Spain, with three different law enforcement systems, considered centralized?
a. All three forces operate under the authority of the national government
b. All three forces report to local authorities
c. The Spanish Supreme Court has ultimate control of all three agencies since all police
in Spain are members of the judicial police
d. All three forces are deployed from Madrid on the first of each month and serve one
month duty at either the civilian, military, or local level
Which of the following is NOT one of the four instruments/documents developed to
assist and encourage countries to respond to young offenders in a humanitarian manner?
a. Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules)
b. Europol Agreement on Juvenile Justice Standards (Schengen Agreement)
c. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
d. Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines)
e. Rule for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (JDLs)
Between intent and motivation, criminal law’s focus is on _____.
Distinguish between questions of fact and questions of law.
_____ was a fifth-century BCE teacher whose philosophy had great influence in China,
Korea, and Japan.
_____, which is the largest international police organization in the world, facilitates
cross-border criminal police cooperation to combat transnational crime.
Both common and civil legal traditions seek uniformity of justice. The _____ tradition
sees that uniformity as being best achieved when judges follow the same general
principles.
Amnesty International has reported that _____ is the country that has consistently had
the greatest number of executions each year.
While England is considered the home of the common legal tradition, _____ can argue
for a similar heritage regarding the civil legal tradition.
Japan’s _____ vary in size and shape from kiosk-like structures at busy street
intersections to a quaint house on the bank of a canal.
Describe the findings regarding delinquency around the world as reported in the two
International Self-Report Delinquency Studies.
The services provided at the koban and by the koban officers truly reflect the concept of
_____ policing.
The _____ approach to studying criminal justice systems allows us to identify how
politics affects a nation’s justice system and interaction among nations.
Why is it important to understand how Japanese procedural law distinguishes between
the terms “defendant” (or accused) and ‘suspect”? Explain how the situation is
improving for suspects.
The bifurcation of procedural criminal law results in consideration of the due process
model and the _____ model.
When a country’s legal institutions are mostly non-bureaucratic, minimize the use of
professionals, and prefer substantive and procedural norms that are vague and flexible,
that country is said to be using legal _____.
When one is interested in the creation and definition of rules, she is interested in _____
criminal law.
The International Criminal Police Organization is more commonly known as _____.
One can find both common law and civil law in written form, but common law is
referred to as “unwritten” and civil law as “written.” Explain the distinction between
unwritten and written law in this context.
Explain how it would be possible for a person visiting Canada to find a Royal Canadian
Mounted Police (RCMP) officer policing at the federal, provincial, and local levels.
Explain which strategy is being used under the descriptive approach when the emphasis
is on how countries go about such things as arresting people, determining whether they
are guilty, and sentencing convicted offenders.