When considering probability sampling in general, it is usually the preferred method for
selecting study elements because probability sampling _____.
a. sanctions intuition on the part of the researcher
b. permits the researcher to estimate the sampling error
c. allows unconscious biases in the selection process
d. allows selection of the best subjects
Attempts to guard against harm to the participants in the simulated prison were
accomplished by ____.
a. making certain that all participants were psychologically healthy
b. having “guards” and “inmates” trade roles every 24 hours
c. administering tranquilizers in food and beverages
d. telling the participants in advance about all the potential harm
Which of the following would not be a logical crime to study using the field research
techniques?
a. prostitution
b. shoplifting
c. embezzlement
d. drug use
Which of the following is not a variable-oriented strategy for research?
a. realist approach
b. experimental approach
c. case-study approach
d. all of these
Which of the following is not an advantage of using secondary data?
a. reduction in validity threats
b. it is cheaper than collecting original data
c. it is faster than collecting original data
d. the researcher may benefit from the work of others established in their fields
Which factor is a problem when using self-report crime questions in general population
surveys?
a. social desirability
b. norm deviance
c. human bias
d. technical error
The term “questionnaire” suggests a collection of ____.
a. statements
b. concepts
c. conclusions
d. ideas
Which pair refers to whether an explanation seeks to explain a particular event or a
class of events?
a. idiographic and nomothetic
b. inductive and deductive
c. quantitative and qualitative
d. social and cultural
The maturation threat refers to _____.
a. older subjects being more likely to take research participation seriously
b. the impact of natural, developmental processes on experimental outcomes
c. the natural development of researcher expertise as more research is completed
d. younger subjects generally do better because they are easier to manipulate
Which of the following is an example of a multistage cluster sample?
a. the Self Report Survey
b. the National Crime Victimization Survey
c. Uniform Crime Reports
d. court records
Science avoids inaccuracy by making _____ a careful and deliberate activity.
a. reason
b. description
c. fallacy
d. observation
When a researcher uses a multistage cluster sampling technique, they must repeat
several sets, including listing and ____.
a. stratifying
b. counting
c. sampling
d. randomizing
What type of research involves measurement and interpretation?
a. epistemological
b. logical
c. empirical
d. conceptual
In the home detention studies used in your text as examples of randomized studies, the
authors concluded that ____.
a. randomization allows generalization
b. randomization allows for reliability
c. randomization does not control for variation in treatment integrity and program
delivery
d. randomization does control for variation in treatment integrity and program delivery
In field research, validity often refers to whether the _______________________ of the
things observed or people interviewed has been accurately captured.
a. true meaning
b. hypothesized meaning
c. intended meaning
d. assigned meaning
A promise of anonymity is unlikely to be possible when ____.
a. department of corrections summary data are used
b. personal interviews are conducted
c. questionnaires do not request identifying information
d. research involves observation in open, public settings
Which statement is most accurate?
a. Experimentation are rarely appropriate for hypothesis testing.
b. Experiments are well suited to research involving poorly-defined concepts.
c. There is no need to generate a hypothesis for a classical experiment.
d. Experiments are appropriate for evaluation research.
Policy analysis is ____.
a. infeasible courses of action
b. the generation of information and collection of evidence of the benefits
c. the consequences that would follow the implementation of various courses of action
d. fluid and does not always ‘start at the beginning and conclude at the end.”
An empirical measure that adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under
consideration is said to have ____.
a. reliability
b. validity
c. accuracy
d. exhaustiveness
Which of the following is not an example of nonpublic agency records?
a. the FBI’s publication of the Uniform Crime Reports
b. information from a local police department concerning the number of crimes that
happened within the past month
c. a prison’s collection of files dealing with inmates currently in their custody
d. a county courthouse’s records on defendants tried within the last six months
Reflexivity refers generally to one’s subjectivity in the research process. Thus, the
process of reflexivity requires that one be critically conscious of ____.
a. one’s feelings
b. one’s resources
c. who their subjects are
d. whether they will be using subjects in formal or informal organizations
A conceptual definition ____.
a. focuses our observational strategy
b. directly produces observations
c. states the essential nature of some entity
d. sets the level of measurement
Multistage cluster sampling with stratification, systematic sampling, simple random
sampling and disproportionate stratified sampling are examples of _____.
a. nonprobability sampling
b. probability sampling
c. sampling distributions
d. sampling frames
To gain access to a formal criminal justice organization for the purpose of conducting
qualitative interviewing, which step should be followed?
a. find an informant and then send a letter to gain access
b. find a sponsor, send a letter, follow up with a phone call and then set up a meeting
c. telephone the agency and speak with the director and set up a meeting
d. field research cannot be done in formal criminal justice organizations because only
the use of written records is allowed
Like survey designs and field studies, evaluation research refers to a research method,
not a specific research purpose.
When scientists consider whether causal statements are true or false, they are concerned
with the validity of causal inference.
A(n) _______________ is a structure that is intended to represent or model something
about the world.
Random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of
probability theory in order to estimate the accuracy of those findings.
Estimates of population parameters, standard error, and confidence intervals assume
unbiased sampling. The foundation of unbiased sampling is the _______________.
A researcher engaged in interviewing would likely use _______________ data that is
defined as observations that are not easily reduced to numbers.
The National Jail Census collects information every five years about federal prisons.
When the researcher selects the role of ________________ they are participating with
the group but let the group know that they are conducting research.
In evaluation research, outcome measures serve as the independent variables.
Participation as a research subject must always be voluntary.
A list of all elements in a population is referred to as the sampling frame.
Casual human inquiry is typically more rigorous are probabilistic methods.
The defining feature of an experiment lies in the control of the independent variable by
the experimenter.
Research involving observations of subjects involved in criminal activities may expose
the researcher to ____________________ liability.
A theory that stems from an analysis of patterns, themes, and common categories
discovered in data is referred to as a(n) _______________ theory.
It may be helpful to record field notes onto highly structured forms created prior to the
beginning of the study.
If a researcher is able to link information with a given person’s identity but promises not
to do so publicly, the researcher is promising ____________________.
Harm to research subjects may be justified if the potential benefits of the study
outweigh the harm.
When a question asks respondents for a single answer to a multi-part question, the
question is said to be _______________.