In 2012, _____% of Americans supported banning assault rifles.
a. 24
b. 68
c. 44
d. 54
The implementation of reforms by the courtroom work group is dependent upon
a. the location of change as changes mandated from outside the courtroom work group
face serious obstacles while changes initiated from within are likely to succeed
b. the nature of the reform in that modest reforms requiring slight changes are likely to
succeed
c. the type of reform as unplanned developments affecting the workload of the justice
system are more likely to succeed while policy changes face serious obstacles
d. the caseload and resources of the courtroom work group as the time of the reform
A major contributor to the problem of crime among the Native American population is
a. distrust of police
b. widespread ignorance of laws
c. discriminatory laws
d. geographical remoteness
How do rearrest rates for offenders released on parole compare to those released
unconditionally?
a. there is little difference
b. parolees were rearrested slightly more frequently
c. those released unconditionally were rearrested far more frequently
d. parolees are more likely to be rearrested for a felony while those released
unconditionally are more likely to be rearrested for a misdemeanor
According to Harris, the problem with the fingerprint identification system in the U.S.
is that
a. it is illegal to collect fingerprints in several states
b. the FBI database holds the fingerprints of only a small percentage of the population
c. there is no official standard for the number of corresponding points to match prints
d. the Miranda law prevents timely collection of evidence
A study of the effectiveness of Federal Firearms Licensing laws found that
a. few of the FFLs failed to comply with the federal regulations
b. a small number of dealers were responsible for a high percentage of guns used in
crime
c. they were too expensive to implement and enforce in most states
d. tightening the regulations had no effect on the number of FFLs or compliance with
federal regulations
Judgments made by the courtroom workgroup regarding second-layer cases
a. are based on shared definitions of seriousness that promote consistent processing
b. are more likely than other types of cases to be based on extralegal factors
c. highlight the discretion and lack of predictability among American courtroom
workgroups
d. are made uniformly using charging guidelines that limit discretion
Regarding the role of the prediction problem in parole
a. prediction instruments based on number of prison infractions are the most accurate
b. we are no closer to a successful prediction formula today than we were in the 1920s
c. judges are able to make predictions as accurate as sophisticated prediction formulas
d. lack of an effective prediction formula has resulted in a shift toward unconditional
release
A national study of victim notification and victims’ voice laws found that
a. a large proportion of victims participate in the bail hearing, but participation
decreases with each subsequent stage of criminal justice case processing
b. 90% of victims were notified about bail and sentencing hearings, but only 20% were
notified about parole hearings
c. victims who were notified reported greater confidence in the police and less fear of
crime
d. most victims made an impact statement at sentencing but few did so at parole
hearings
Most cases that are dismissed are ultimately
a. reviewed by judges in other jurisdictions
b. referred to social services
c. lost to the CJS
d. kept in the criminal justice system
Which of the following factors were NOT used in Rand’s seven-point prediction scale?
a. incarceration
b. Drug use
c. employment
d. race
The theory behind right-to-carry laws is that allowing people to carry concealed
weapons
a. can reduce fear of crime
b. can deter violent crime
c. can reduce the number of people violating laws that ban possession
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Banning the manufacture and sale of handguns
a. would stimulate an international black market
b. would have limited effect due to the number of guns already in existence
c. is a creative and potentially effective way to reduce gun-related crime
d. would be too invasive when the real problem is only assault weapons
The most important force contributing to the imprisonment boom has been
a. the implicit racism of the justice system
b. the recent trend of directing crime policy efforts toward white-collar rather than street
crime
c. a popular belief that the justice system has been and still is soft on crime
d. the lack of funding for representation of the accused in court
If you know the offense and the offender’s prior record you can likely predict the
outcome of a case. This outcome is also known as what?
a. the going rate
b. the funnel effect
c. a loophole
d. a downward departure
Although _______ vocational programs are the most popular training programs at the
New York City Reformatory, all states prohibit convicted felons from working as
__________.
a. car repair; mechanics
b. hair care; barbers
c. nursing; nurses
d. refrigerator repair; refrigerator technicians
Relative to other countries
a. America is more punitive in our tendency to imprison serious offenders, and more
punitive in terms of time served for property crimes
b. America is similar in our tendency to imprison serious offenders, and similar in terms
of time served for property crimes
c. America is similar in our tendency to imprison serious offenders, but more punitive in
terms of time served for property crimes
d. America is punitive in our tendency to imprison serious offenders, but similar in
terms of time served for property crimes
A local jurisdiction’s going rate is established
a. before cases reach the courtroom work group
b. after cases reach the courtroom work group
c. within the courtroom work group
d. outside of the courtroom work group
Walker argues that theoretically we have an _____(1)_____ system of justice, but in
reality we have an _____(2)_____ system of justice.
a. (1) adversarial (2) administrative
b. (1) adversarial (2) inquisitorial
c. (1) administrative (2) inquisitorial
d. (1) inquisitorial (2) adversarial
Critics of Miranda argue that we should NOT look at the number of _____(1)_____ but
at the number of _____(2)_____ due to Miranda or violations of it.
a. (1) confessions police do not get (2) convictions overturned
b. (1) convictions overturned (2) confessions police do not get
c. (1) confessions police get (2) confessions police do not get
d. (1) convictions overturned (2) convictions
Which of the following is true about Martinson’s report on rehabilitation?
a. it was titled “Nothing Works”
b. no positive outcomes from rehabilitative programs could be identified
c. the research was funded by a conservative political action committee
d. his results were misinterpreted at a time when crime rates were soaring
The net effect is that Miranda results in a “loss” of convictions how frequently?
a. less than 5% of the time
b. between 10% and 15% of the time
c. between 20% and 25% of the time
d. half of the time
One of the differences noted between the various cohort studies is that
a. some rely on official records while others use self-report data
b. some focus on violent offending while others focus on property offenses
c. some emphasize the onset of criminal careers and others emphasize desistance from
them
d. some find chronic offending rates low as 5.8% and others as high as 9.5% in a cohort
The Miranda warning
a. is used in roughly 80% of cases, but is only used successfully in 10%
b. provides a remedy for the rule set fourth in the 4th Amendment to the Constitution
c. includes a right to remain silent and the right to a retained or appointed attorney
d. includes a right to an attorney of the suspect’s choice
One of the conclusions about using the criminal law to control products or services that
a large number of people want is
a. secondary crime will be prevented
b. it enhances respect for the law
c. someone will try to supply them
d. it effectively changes behavior
One of the major issues related to drug treatment is the __________ of treatment
programs.
a. cost
b. toughness
c. availability
d. length
Reasons provided to explain why offenders commit crime when they assess the bad
consequences include ALL BUT WHICH of the following
a. offenders consistently underestimate financial rewards of crime
b. offenders act impulsively
c. offenders perceive no legitimate or meaningful work opportunities
d. offenders overestimate the immediate, short-term gains
As a result of the 1984 Bail Reform Act
a. the method of detention shifted
b. the overall detention rate increased
c. pretrial crime declined dramatically
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The idea of putting more police on the street is very popular with
a. conservatives
b. Caucasians
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
c. African Americans
The evidence of significant racial disparities in drug enforcement
a. is insignificant
b. is quite strong
c. is evident in only a few states
d. is inconclusive
The prediction method that plays a role in the federal sentencing guidelines is
a. actuarial
b. prior history
c. clinical evaluation
d. all of the above
Laws that prohibit the carrying of a weapon on an airplane
a. effectively achieve their goals
b. are limited by the number of guns already in existence in society
c. have not proven to effective at reducing gun-related crime on airplanes
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Estimates of annual offending rates from the Rand Inmate Survey are best described as
a. low rates with consistent nationwide trends
b. average rates with consistent nationwide trends
c. high rates with state-to-state variations
d. unable to assess due to the prediction problem
What is the difference between lawfulness and legitimacy?
a. the two terms can be used interchangeably
b. lawfulness refers to liberal policies while legitimacy refers to conservative policies
c. lawfulness refers to citizens while legitimacy refers to the justice system
d. lawfulness refers to behavior while legitimacy refers to perception
The major limitation of the Crime Commission’s model that the wedding cake model
addresses is
a. the way decisions at one point in the system affect decisions at other points
b. the need to have a clear and concise graphic to communicate the function of the
model
c. the systematic mistreatment of racial and ethnic minorities in CJ case processing
d. the consistent pattern in which similar cases are disposed of and the significant
differences between types of cases
Describe victim compensation programs and evaluate how well they impact victim
attitudes toward the criminal justice system.
The criminal justice law of thermodynamics explains the chain reaction effect of
criminal justice decision making.
The emphasis of probation is on treatment over supervision.
By the early 1990s all states had passed victims’ rights laws.
There have been no signs of reversal of the imprisonment boom.
Despite the Miranda warning a substantial proportion of suspects waive their rights and
confess to police.
There is no evidence that gun buyback programs reduce crime.
Procedural justice issues appear to contribute to law-abiding behavior in terms of minor
offenses but the effect on serious crimes is not yet known.
Faith-based treatment programs that provide intentional religion are more effective in
reducing crime than secular treatment programs.
Current sex offender and registration laws focus on the most dangerous sex offenders
who engage in the rape and kidnapping of children.