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The beginning point of the ordinate scale may be drawn directly on the x-axis.
A temper tantrum is an example of a dependent variable.
"Humanists" often perceive any systematic effort to change behavior as coercive and
inhumane.
A DRL procedure reinforces a lower rate of the target/inappropriate behavior.
Use of a reversal design is appropriate for monitoring intervention effects on fighting
behavior.
The best person to manage a student's behavior is the student.
It is unethical for teachers to arbitrarily decide what to teach students to do or stop
doing.
When extinction is used, its effects will frequently generalize to settings in which
procedures are not in effect.
The ordinate scale always begins at "0".
The use of a single reinforcer throughout the day is the most efficient way to establish a
functional relationship and increase behavior.
It is appropriate to end the baseline phase if two stable data points are collected and
plotted.
The procedure by which a "fine" is exacted for inappropriate behavior is known as real
world consequences.
The Premack Principle states that any activity a student voluntarily performs frequently
may be used as a reinforcer for any activity he seldom performs voluntarily.
Using alterations of SΔ's and SD's enable students to make discriminations more easily.
Aversives are acceptable when used by students who are using the self-punishment
technique.
The longer the delay between the desired behavior and receipt of the reinforcer, the
possibility that the student may engage in a behavior not under the contingency is
decreased.
The backward chaining procedure requires a student to demonstrate all the steps of a
behavioral chain until it is completely mastered.
A limited hold contingency allows teacher to make the reinforcer available for long
periods of time following the elapsed interval.
An operational definition provides concrete examples of a target behavior.
Negative reinforcement may be defined as the contingent presentation of an aversive
stimulus immediately following a response that increases the future rate of the response.
The amount of time Terrell remains on task has consistently decreased over the last
three days. At this point, it would be appropriate for his teacher to initiate and
intervention to increase his time on task.
When using time delay, delays are usually only a few minutes.
Using an AB design, a teacher can make a confident assumption of the existence of a
functional relation.
Anecdotal reports are written to provide as complete a description of a student's
behavior in a particular setting or during an instructional period
Deprivation is a necessity if primary reinforcers are to be effective.
A statement of conditions lists antecedent stimuli, including instructions, materials, and
setting.
The more effective reinforcers are those selected by the target student.
Permanent products are tangible items or environmental effects that result from a
behavior.
A generalized response is one that occurs after instruction has been terminated.
Negative reinforcement is the removal of a desired stimulus to decrease behavior.
The Gestalt psychology cognitive explanation for behavior meets the criterion of
inclusiveness, predictive utility, and parsimony for explaining behavior.
One core element of the IEP is a description of the parent's responsibilities in the IEP
process.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory provides a strong cognitive explanation of behavior.
The period between the presentation of a discriminative stimulus and the initiation of a
response is called the latency period.
Prompts are offered before an SD is presented and failed to occasion a response.
The time-out procedure in which the student is not removed from the instructional
setting and instead, the teacher temporarily manipulates the environment to deny a
student access to reinforcers is known as:
a. Exclusionary time-out
b. Seclusionary time-out
c. Nonseclusionary time-out
d. Nonexclusionary time-out
Which is NOT a way in which students may be involved in contingency management?
a. Choosing reinforcers
b. Determining the cost of reinforcers in relation to behavior
c. Choose behaviors to be modified
d. Evaluating peer behaviors
A functional analysis is conducted in order to:
a. verify a hypothesis form a functional hypothesis
b. clarify uncertain results from a functional assessment
c. serves as an initial step in developing a hypothesis of a function
d. all of the above
A punisher is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. decrease in the future rate or probability of occurrence of the behavior
b. administered contingently on the production of the inappropriate behavior
c. administered immediately following the inappropriate behavior
d. administered immediately following the appropriate behavior
Which of the following is another term for "training loosely?"
a. Naturalistic teaching
b. Minimal intervention
c. Incidental teaching
d. All of the above.
When preparing students to take the responsibility for managing their own behaviors,
teachers should:
a. make no verbal comments when delivering reinforcement
b. always choose the reinforcer themselves
c. ask the student to restate contingencies
d. all of the above
Scenario: Ms. Tammy's self-contained class was working on a hygiene regiment,
including brushing teeth. Three of the five students required significant instructions for
brushing teeth. Ms. Tammy created a step-by-step breakdown of the procedures and
decided to start off providing physical guidance and gradually reduce the prompt level.
The instructional procedure used was ____________________.
a. least-to-most prompts
b. time delay
c. most-to-least prompts
d. graduated guidance
"Point to the correct answer" is an example of which component of a behavioral
objective?
a. Target behavior
b. Learner
c. Conditions
d. Criteria for acceptable performance
Which is considered a common component of single-subject designs?
a. measure of baseline performance
b. measure of performance under an intervention condition
c. replication of the use of the intervention within the design
d. all of the above
A "therapeutic environment" is always:
a. safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs
b. the general education classroom
c. the setting providing the fewest distractions thus providing greater effectiveness of
behavioral strategies
d. all of the above
The Principle of the Least Intrusive Alternative suggests
a. that positive interventions are always more effective than aversive
b. when determining which intervention to choose, an important consideration is the
intervention's level of intrusiveness.
c. that when selecting a procedure, a teacher should begin at Level IV and move up the
hierarchy toward less intrusive procedures
d. that the least intrusive procedure, regardless of effectiveness, should be selected.
____________ is the process of using successive approximations to teach a new
behavior or skill.
a. stimulus control
b. shaping
c. modeling
d. generalization
Components needed for teaching students to self record include:
a. operationally defining the target behavior
b. instructing the student in the use of the data collection system
c. monitoring at least one practice session
d. all of the above
The student who follows the rules each day earns 5 extra minutes at recess. Following
the rules is considered the:
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Uncontrolled variable
d. Confounding variable
The laws of behavior operate:
a. only for the mentally handicapped
b. for students with mental ages between 2"7 years
c. for all but gifted students
d. for all of us
Self reinforcement procedures can include:
a. students choosing reinforcers
b. students determining the cost of reinforcers
c. students choosing behaviors to be modified
d. all of the above
Answer the following questions based on the graph below.
The letter "D" indicates
a. a continuous data path
b. a continuity break
c. the abscissa
d. the beginning point of the ordinate scale
The following data can be reported on a graph as the number or percent of total
behavioral occurrence
a. Interval and time sampling
b. Event
c. Permanent product
d. All of the above
Answer the following questions based on the graph below.
The ordinate is indicated by what letter?
a. A
b. C
c. E
d. D
A hierarchy of levels of learning is helpful in writing objectives because:
a. they are written for cognitive, affective, and psychomotor areas
b. focus on a knowledge base
c. they suggest observable, measurable behaviors that may occur as the result of both
simple and complex learning
d. all of the above
______________ describes a behavior's complexity or its motor components.
a. Latency
b. Locus
c. Topography
d. Force
It takes Karen 30 minutes to complete 20 multiplication examples. Her teacher wants
this reduced to 15 minutes. The most appropriate design for this example is:
a. reversal design
b. multiple baseline design
c. changing criterion design
d. AB design
A genuine scientific explanation must:
a. be inclusive of all behaviors
b. predict one behavior to the exclusion of all other behaviors
c. a and b
d. none of the above
__________ refers to the tendency of a learned behavior to occur after
programmed contingencies have been withdrawn.
a. Response maintenance
b. Stimulus generalization
c. Acquisition
d. Response generalization
In order for a practice to be considered 'socially valid" it must:
a. meet the acceptability requirements of its consumers
b. meet the social acceptability requirements of the environment
c. use techniques considered ethical by professionals
d. all of the above
At the end of each play period, Mr. Carey counted the number of toys that Mary,
Louise, and Anita did not put back on the shelves. He was using:
a. event recording
b. interval recording
c. time sampling
d. permanent product recording
"Brooke was out of her seat for 16 minutes during lunch period" is an example of what
behavioral dimension?
a. Latency
b. Frequency
c. Duration
d. Rate
Mrs. Jones had her students help establish a list of classroom rules, when they finished
there were 35 rules for the class. This addresses which component of verbal structure?
a. specificity
b. economy
c. consequences
d. none of the above
This schedule of reinforcement leads to increased maintenance of the behavior.
a. CRF
b. intermittent
c. noncontingent
d. none of the above
What is reinforcing to a student depends on
a. reinforcement history
b. temperament on an intervention day
c. age appropriateness of the reinforcer
d. a and c only
To provide the broadest possible description of events occurring within a time period
one would use:
a. anecdotal recording
b. observational recording
c. permanent product recording
d. topography recording
The data collection technique which notes every time a behavior occurs within an
observation period is:
a. event recording
b. interval recording
c. time sampling
d. permanent product recording
The process of trapping a behavior is used when teaching generalization under
conditions of ____________________.
a. sequential modification
b. train and hope
c. natural maintaining contingencies
d. none of the above
While in the community, Miss Nelson records whether or not Ethan is able to
independently perform each step of the shopping task analysis. This is an example of
what recording procedure?
a. Interval recording
b. Anecdotal recording
c. Permanent product recording
d. Event recording
Each day Sharon completes 30-minutes of working out at the gym, she places an "X"
for that day on her calendar. What self-management procedure is Sharon using?
a. Self-recording
b. Self- evaluation
c. Self-reinforcement
d. Self-instruction
Three methods may be used to teach chains of behaviors. Name and briefly describe
ONE method. Be sure to include an example.
Differentiate form (or topography) from function when describing inappropriate
behavior.
Which of the following is attributed with the Stage Theory of Development?
a. Jean Piaget
b. Sigman Freud
c. Ivan Pavlov
d. B. F. Skinner
What are the steps a teacher needs to follow in developing and implementing a token
reinforcement system in his class?
List three qualifications research must have in order to be considered Applied Behavior
Analysis.
The choice of a model is important in that certain characteristics may increase the
model's effectiveness. Name these characteristics.
The four components of a behavioral objective are:
List the four arrangement considerations for the physical arrangement of the classroom.
Focusing on three strategies for teaching generalization, discuss how a teacher might
use these strategies for promoting generalized reading skills.
List the three ways in which event recording can be converted for reporting and
graphing and explain how each conversion is used.
Which of the following statements is true?
a It is unethical to believe that any child is not capable of learning academic and
preacademic skills.
b. It is unethical to waste the time of students for whom there is clear evidence that they
are not capable of mastering traditional academics.
c. It is unethical not to consider the particular environment in which an individual lives
when making decisions about the skills to be taught.
d. All of the above.
Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Operant behaviors are ______ voluntarily, whereas respondent behaviors are ________
by stimuli.
a. elicited, occasioned
b. emitted, elicited
c. occasioned, emitted
d. none of the above
Mike's job coach was concerned with his production on the job site. Mike had mastered
the assembly skills but was having difficulty keeping up with the competitive job
production of his coworkers. Mike's job coach should work on which of the following?
a. Acquisition
b. Fluency
c. Generalization
d. None of the above
A measurement of accuracy is only one dimension for evaluating performance. It
represents the acquisition level of performance. Briefly describe the other 3 levels of
performance.
