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____________________ determine(s) where functions will be located in the brain.
a. Experiences
b. Maturation
c. Genes
d. Synaptogenesis
_______________________ include reduplication, assimilation, CVCV constructions,
open syllables, and consonant cluster reductions.
a. Motor speech errors
b. Articulation errors
c. Phonological patterns
d. Communication intentions
High _______________________ can result in more confusion and slower, less
accurate recognition and production.
a. Frequency
b. Pitch
c. Neighborhood density
d. Phonotactic probability
One of the best indicators of the later reading comprehension abilities of African
American preschoolers is their use of _________________________.
a. Varied semantic forms
b. Complex syntax in speech
c. Complex morphology
d. Mainstream dialect
As a group, ______________________ are acquired first.
a. Glottal
b. Alveolars
c. Labiodentals
d. Bilabials
Over half of the variance in young school-age children's conversational language skills
may be accounted for by ________________________.
a. Genetic effects
b. The environment
c. Maternal input
d. Cultural effects
Intonational interrogatives such as "You going home?" correlate with gains in
_________________________.
a. Pragmatic ability
b. Syntactic complexity
c. Semantic development
d. Phonological skill
Using a ________________________, a reader uses a problem-solving process to
derive meaning.
a. Top-down process
b. Self-appraisal strategy
c. Bottom-up process
d. Dynamic approach
Adult _____________________ seem(s) to improve steadily in terms of main themes
and details.
a. Writing
b. Monologs
c. Inferencing
d. Narratives
The disappearance of some reflexes present at birth reflect rapid brain growth and
______________________.
a. Brainstem development
b. Improved motor control
c. Habituation
d. Myelination
A central tenet of __________________ is that language structure emerges from
language use.
a. Nativism
b. Emergentism
c. Constructionism
d. Interactionalism
__________________________ is/are expanded by increasing use of modality, tense,
and aspect.
a. Noun phrases
b. Verb phrases
c. Expository writing
d. Early narratives
In adolescence, most communication occurs in ______________________.
a. School
b. Writing/text
c. Conversation
d. A nonverbal manner
By _______________________, a child uses beginning and ending markers in fictional
narratives.
a. Kindergarten
b. 1st grade
c. 2nd grade
d. 4th grade
________________________ are figures of speech in which an individual example
stands for a whole category of things.
a. Metonyms
b. Metaphors
c. Similes
d. Idioms
By _____________________, most children know the difference between the adverbs
of likelihood (definitely, probably, possibly).
a. 2nd grade
b. 4th grade
c. 6th grade
d. 7th grade
Improved brain functioning during development can be mostly attributed to
a. An increase in brain weight
b. Meningeal development
c. Myelination
d. Plasticity
Cultural and socioeconomic differences are
a. Not common
b. Likely to lead to language impairments
c. Not maladaptive
d. Detrimental
________________________ are utterances that convey a holistic communication
intention.
a. Protowords
b. Holophrases
c. Communication intentions
d. Homologous forms
By age _________, an infant vocalizes to accompany different attitudes.
a. 2 months
b. 4 months
c. 5 months
d. 7 months
By the time sound makes it to Heschl's area, ___________ of the signal is contralateral,
and _____________ is ipsilateral.
a. 60%, 40%
b. 50%, 50%
c. 40%, 60%
d. 100%, 0%
More than any other area of language, development of ___________________ varies
widely with educational level, SES, gender, age, and cultural background.
a. Semantics
b. Syntax
c. Pragmatics
d. Phonology
__________________________ narratives are often associated with African American
girls, wherein theme-related incidents are designed to make an implicit point.
a. Abbreviated
b. Topic-associating
c. Free-associating
d. Morality
_____________________ is the exchanged of information and ideas, needs and desires,
between two or more individuals.
a. Semantics
b. Speech
c. Language
d. Communication
Early in development, children spontaneously produce simple
_______________________ to describe activities performed with objects.
a. Intransitive verbs
b. Progressive verbs
c. Gerunds
d. Transitive verbs
There is a direct correlation between the number of words heard by a child during early
development and _____________________ into the late preschool years.
a. Working memory capacity
b. Cognitive abilities
c. Processing speed
d. Speech development
By age ________, children are able to describe chains of events within familiar
activities.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7
Which phoneme is most likely to be affected by gender differences?
a. /f/
b. /m/
c. /t/
d. /g/
__________________________ is the specific ability to manipulate sounds, such as
blending sounds to create new words or segmenting words into sounds.
a. Phonological awareness
b. Decoding
c. Phonemic awareness
d. Segmentation
In general, ____________________information is sent to the right hemisphere, whereas
____________________ information is sent to the left hemisphere.
a. Linguistic, paralinguistic
b. Syntactic, phonological
c. Phonological, syntactic
d. Paralinguistic, linguistic
__________________________ is/are used during successive language acquisition
where the grammar and pronunciation of L2 is influenced by L1.
a. Interlanguage
b. An inner-directed strategy
c. Archiforms
d. Free alternation
________________________ includes knowing the direction in which reading
proceeds across a page and through a book, being interested in print, and recognizing
some letters.
a. Phonological awareness
b. Morphophonemic awareness
c. Print awareness
d. All of the above
After birth, growth is most rapid in the cerebral hemispheres and the
_______________.
a. Brainstem
b. White matter pathways
c. Cerebellum
d. Basal ganglia
How are first-graders' responses to adult versus peer questions different?
What is the difference between distributional and sequencing rules as they relate to
phonology?
Name and define the two general cognitive processes of language acquisition.
What are the three components of a neuron and what are their basic functions?
In American English, what is the typical order of "participants"?
Why are passive sentences difficult for English-speaking children to produce and
understand?
In the Generative approach, what are the two components of language acquisition?
Describe the deficit approach and the sociolinguistic approach as they relate to the
study of dialects.
What three factors do cultural differences reflect?
What is the goal of language studies in regard to variability?
Define the phonological process of epenthesis and give an example.
In one sentence, what is the Generative approach?
Speech perception at 6 months is significantly correlated with which skills?
Name and describe the two subprocesses of adaptation.
What is a newborn's visual and auditory preference?
What is social-indexical knowledge?
