Walker argues that the American CJS is so complex, because
a. it is based on English common law, but we have added our own statutory laws
piecemeal over time to fill in the gaps
b. of our capitalist economy and democratic political system
c. it is made up of one federal and 50 state systems with their own substantive and
procedural rules
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Changes in the insanity defense have included efforts to
a. shift the burden of proof to the defendant in such cases
b. abolish the insanity defense
c. allow for a “guilty by mentally ill” verdict
d. all of the above
The program that mobilized officials from housing fire and public works to target drug
hot spots in Oakland, CA is what type of policing program?
a. scanning, analysis, response, assessment
b. Crackdown
c. zero tolerance
d. problem oriented
Parolees being sent back to prison for violations of the terms of their parole supervision
is called
a. front-load sentencing
b. back-end sentencing
c. upfront sentencing
d. up-ending
The practice of conducting regular beat meetings where officers and citizens discuss
neighborhood problems and monitor progress of initiatives is intended to
a. deescalate encounters between officers and citizens
b. engage citizens to improve their sense of satisfaction with the police
c. address problems of racial discrimination
d. minimize complaints about criminal behavior
According to the Innocence Project, all but which of the following are primary causes
for wrongful conviction
a. false identification
b. rigorous scientific analysis
c. improper evidence
d. false confessions
According to conservatives, procedural rules
a. are necessary to fight crime
b. have handcuffed the police
c. are a cost-effective way to selectively incapacitate chronic offenders
d. encourage police corruption
The political reality is that we have completely ignored ____(1)______ in favor of
____(2)______.
a. (1) mass incarceratoin (2) rehabilitation
b. (1) deterrence (2) incapacitation
c. (1) gross incapacitation (2) mandatory sentences
d. (1) selective incapacitation (2) mass incarceration
A natural experiment in predicting the dangerousness of juveniles revealed that
a. some prediction instruments are can effectively identify only high risk offenders
b. there were five true positives for every false positive
c. judges were remarkably inaccurate in identifying which juveniles were high risk and
which were low risk
d. judges were reasonably accurate in identifying high risk juveniles at the expense of a
high rate of false positives
An educational strategy that attempts to develop personal and social skills that will help
people resist certain behavior is known as
a. information dissemination
b. fear arousal
c. moral appeal
d. affective education
Select the most accurate statement regarding intensive probation supervision
a. it is a front-end rather than a back-end approach
b. the goal is to remove offenders from the system quickly
c. it is frequently combined with other intermediate sanctions
d. it is disliked by both liberals and conservatives
Three strikes laws are criticized for
a. violating the principle of selective incapacitation
b. not focusing on the most serious offenders
c. being crude instruments in the fight against crime reduction
d. all of the above
A major concern about COMPSTAT’s effectiveness in NYC is that
a. its findings cannot be replicated
b. it ignores the importance of community relations
c. the police did not fully understand how to use the computer system
d. there is no way to show that the crime drop was due to COMPSTAT and not to other
factors
In the 1970s, public opinion about preventive detention began to change, leading to the
following:
a. courtroom work groups decided that preventive detention for juveniles was
unconstitutional
b. the majority of offenders arrested were not charged
c. courtroom work groups began locking up allegedly dangerous offenders
d. judges started releasing most offenders on bail
One reason that prison industries have not succeeded is
a. complications involving Social Security and income tax payments
b. inmates’ lack of free time
c. inmates’ lack of work experience
d. lack of supervision
One of the factors undermining the deterrent effect of a crackdown on drunk driving
cases in court is that
a. the punishment is delayed so the speedy element of deterrence goes unmet
b. offenders do not perceive the consequences as unpleasant
c. crackdowns reduce the specific deterrent while increasing the general deterrent
d. mandatory sentences may be evaded
Some cases are rejected because of due process problems, but this is more likely to
happen in ____(1)______ cases than ____(2)_____ cases.
a. (1) robbery (2) weapons
b. (1) weapons (2) drug
c. (1) violent (2) property
d. (1) drug (2) robbery
The Elderly Victims Emergency Security Fund (EVESF) in Philadelphia succeeded in
reducing incidences of violence against the elderly by
a. providing doormen to their residences
b. installing or replacing door locks
c. educating them about fraud schemes
d. intervening in cases of familial emotional abuse and neglect
An evaluation of California’s three strikes law found that it
a. Sent few people to prison for long terms, but more than expected
b. selectively incapacitated only the most violent repeat offenders
c. did not produce the intended reduction in crime
d. reduced sentencing disparities through its mandatory provisions
The theory of deterrence
a. is the oldest criminal justice theory on record
b. is one of the youngest criminal justice theories on record
c. is simple but its application to actual practice is complex
d. is complex in its requirements but simple to practice
One of the reasons it is misleading to conclude that only 1% of all criminals go to
prison is that
a. this conclusion is based on data that is over 40 years old
b. over a third of juvenile cases are transferred to juvenile court
c. the number sentenced to death row are not included in the 1% figure
d. this is not misleading, it is an accurate conclusion
The amount of time lawyers spent with felony defendants in criminal courts
a. was not associated with procedural justice
b. had no impact on their behavior or attitudes toward the CJS
c. had an effect on their recidivism rates
d. was associated with their satisfaction with the criminal justice system
One of the problems with net widening in a diversion program is that
a. more offenders escape the CJS without receiving either treatment or punishment
b. the cost savings are never realized because more people become part of the CJS
process
c. both programs are voluntary in nature and tend to compete with one another
d. all of the above
e. none of the above