What effects of alcohol prohibition are similar to those of drug prohibition?
a. turning casual users into criminals undermining respect for the law
b. enforcement abuses including illegal searches and seizures
c. the black market and corruption
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
In studies of plea bargaining, it has been found
a. that abolishing plea negotiations reduced serious crimes
b. a vast change in the way the courtroom workgroup occurred
c. a high degree of regularity and predictability occurs in the disposition of cases
d. that the ability to predict the outcome is based on all charges filed
Research on offender reentry programs confirms
a. parole is better than unconditional release
b. those who desire to change have tools available to them
c. the inadequacy of treatment services
d. that regarding rehabilitation, nothing works
Compared to suspects in prior-relationship robberies, suspects in stranger robberies
a. were twice as likely to be incarcerated if convicted
b. were more likely to plea bargain
c. were less likely to be convicted of felonies
d. were convicted 50% more of the time
Walker uses which of the following terms to describe the routine handling of cases on a
day-to-day basis?
a. chaotic and discriminatory
b. chaotic and arbitrary
c. consistent and predictable
d. inconsistent and unpredictable
Net widening refers to a process where
a. the loopholes in the CJS are widened and more offenders are able to slip through
b. the social networks of an offender are treated in order to promote embedding
c. more offenders are brought into the CJS rather than diverted out
d. a range of treatment services likened to a web are provided to an offender
What happened when plea bargaining was banned in Alaska?
a. case disposition time increased
b. the number of defendants demanding trials tripled
c. less serious offenders were punished more severely
d. plea bargaining became a hidden process
Walker summarizes the gun problem in the United States as
a. exaggerated
b. due to hunting rifles
c. serious
d. due to assault weapons
What would happen if prior relationship was eliminated as a decision-making factor in
case processing?
a. the courtroom workgroup would be liberated from shared understandings of
seriousness and would be more likely to rely on extralegal factors in case processing
decisions
b. case processing time would increase in second layer cases, but it would decrease in
third-layer cases
c. a large number of cases would move from the third to the second layer of the
wedding cake, thereby increasing the overall punitiveness of the justice system
d. the only cases that would be affected would be cases in the fourth layer, but due to
such a large number of cases, there is a risk that the system would be overburdened
Courtroom work groups can mitigate the effects of harsh sentencing laws, but they
cannot
a. nullify them completely
b. selectively adopt them
c. circumvent them
d. choose to prosecute on their basis
Various estimates of annual offending rates tell us that
a. there is no average career criminal
b. rates vary but within a narrow range
c. offenders average 50 felonies a year
d. official records provide the best estimates
The Brady Law is highly dependent upon
a. federal funding for enforcement
b. official criminal history data
c. state-to-state variations in implementation
d. BATF regulators
Research findings that compared special prosecutions and traditional prosecutions
found
a. traditional prosecution eliminated plea bargains and improved conviction rates
b. strength of the evidence and the likelihood of conviction shaped decisions for both
prosecution officers
c. special prosecution improved the conviction rate significantly
d. special prosecution closed the loopholes that allow serious offenders to beat the
system
Mandatory sentencing laws and truth-in-sentencing laws in some states have
contributed to
a. decreases in average maximum sentence length imposed
b. increases in average maximum sentence length imposed
c. decreases in time served
d. increases in time served
According to the text, the best crime reduction policy is?
a. rehabilitation
b. incapacitation
c. getting older
d. being female
Regarding the practical consequences of estimating annual offending rates to calculate
the amount of crime reduction we will get
a. if lambda is large then the payoff will be much lower
b. if lambda is large then we can expect a substantial reduction in crime
c. if lambda is low then we can expect a substantial reduction crime
d. none of the above
The Prohibition laws resulted in
a. changes in procedural justice
b. arrests for alternative offenses
c. the evolution of organized crime
d. increased respect for the law
The writ of habeas corpus
a. is a device to challenge the detention of a person taken into custody
b. is a three-year statute of limitations regarding post-conviction appeals
c. was rejected by the Supreme Court in Fay v. Noia
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
An evaluation of the San Diego Major Violator Unit found that
a. the rate of failure to appear was zero and conviction rates increased dramatically
b. the percentage of offenders convicted and sent to prison increased slightly
c. the percentage of convicted offenders increased dramatically
d. San Diego was soft on career criminals prior to the intense prosecution program
Tyler argues that a critical factor in people’s complying with the law is
a. they are aware of the law
b. perceived legitimacy of the law
c. they understand the consequences
d. all of the above
Select the most accurate statement
a. contextual factors such as a shifting proportion of crime-prone young people in the
population and the economic downturn have not likely impacted the crime rate
b. contextual factors include changes in corrections that have reduced crime while
policy factors include changes in policing that have reduced crime
c. the interplay of contextual factors and criminal justice policies best explains the great
crime drop
d. distinguishing between contextual and policy factors that affect the crime rate is a
fruitless effort since these factors are arguably a false dichotomy
How has the war on drugs provided ex-offenders with a unique barrier to employment?
a. federal law requires states to revoke their drivers’ licenses
b. convicted drug offenders are barred from holding jobs in nursing and as barbers
c. parolees are subjected to urinalysis and lose their job if there is evidence of drug use
d. a drug conviction bars parolees from receiving a job referral from his/her parole
officer
The purpose of an EIS (early intervention system) by the police department is to
a. reduce use of force incidents by police officers
b. reduce recidivism of offenders
c. decriminalize minor crimes
d. give citizens greater say in police matters
Regarding faith-based treatment
a. intentional religion programs may or may not include religious services
b. organic religion programs require religious services
c. intentional religion programs require religious services
d. both organic and intentional programs serve most religions
Walker argues that the first obstacle to developing sensible and effective crime policies
is
a. that they do not employ evidence-based standards
b. that people do not understand the nature of the crime problem or how the justice
system works
c. the drastic underfunding of crime policies
d. that they are based on the idea that “one size fits all”
The most important changes in sentencing during the past forty years have been spurred
by
a. good-time laws
b. mandatory minimum sentencing laws
c. truth-in-sentencing laws
d. conviction laws
One of the reasons the exclusionary rule has such limited impact is that
a. most defendants agree to a plea bargain before relying on this loophole
b. most judges are on the side of the police not the defendant
c. a good lead about a suspect solves more crimes than physical evidence
d. it does not apply until a suspect is questioned rather than at the time of an arrest
Programs that involve a treatment component and the goal of getting offenders out of
the CJS as early as possible are known as what?
a. faith-based
b. boot camp
c. probation
d. diversion
Studies of gun buyback programs have found
a. no one turned in any guns
b. little evidence of the impact on gun assaults or homicides
c. an unexpected trickle-up phenomenon
d. the public were generally supported and gun-related crime declined significantly
A 2013 article in the prestigious Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
argues that we can learn much from the successes in other areas when we try to deal
with gun violence. One important lesson is that
a. community efforts are more effective than policy changes
b. a sweeping policy change is needed to make inroads in solving a problem
c. it takes a village to help individuals
d. several approaches reinforce each other to achieve a significant result
Community prosecution applies the basic principles of __________ to the prosecution
stage of the criminal process.
a. traditional policing
b. problem-oriented policing
c. offender reentry programs
d. restorative justice
Evaluations of victim compensation programs
a. make them the most popular victims’ programs
b. show that compensated victims have more favorable attitudes toward the CJS
c. are more favorable for state-sponsored programs than federal programs
d. have not been favorable as many requests are denied due to insufficient
documentation
Trust among residents in a neighborhood and their shared expectations about social
control is known as
a. community policing
b. front-loading
c. neighborhood watch
d. collective efficacy
Walker noted that our adult prosecution rate of __________ percent is hardly a sign of
softness on crime.
a. 1
b. 27
c. 48
d. 73
Reentry programming embraces the operating principles that guide problem-oriented
policing and community prosecution.
Explain the costs and benefits of adopting the GBMI verdict.
Compare and contrast the legalization strategies and proposed effects presented by
maximalists, moderates, minimalists and agnostics.
Among the goals of victims’ voice laws are to give victims a feeling of participation in
the justice system and ensure offenders do not get off too easily.
One of the basic operating principles for effective community-focused crime prevention
and control is that it requires the simultaneous application of several policies.
Explain how carefully planned and focused policing strategies can be successful in
reducing crime and disorder. Provide an example.
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol experiment proved that the level of police patrol
correlates to a deterrent effect.
Respectful policing has a no significant effect on peoples’ assessment of police
legitimacy
America’s crime problem is primarily a drug problem.
The war on crime raises expectations of a victory and an end to the problem rather than
the goal of decreasing crime to a tolerable level.
Evaluate the use of intermediate punishments.
One of the major issues with Zedlewski’s study was not taking into consideration the
replacement factor
Summarize the studies that have sought to assess the accuracy of predictions regarding
criminal behavior, and note which prediction methods were used in each study.
Evaluate the interpretation that nothing works based on the findings of the Martinson
report.
Discuss the detrimental effects, if any, of the three-strikes law.
The fatalistic offender assumes that they will escape arrest and reap the rewards that
crime has to offer.
The majority of cases are celebrated cases that involve the full criminal process
including the criminal trial.
The public health arena has few similarities with the field of crime control.
Differentiate between the four educational strategies.