39.________involve(s)thelimitedabilitytoreason,plan,solveproblems,thinkabstractly,comprehendcomplexideas,
learnquicklyandlearnfromexperience.​
a.​Mentalretardation
b.​Emotionaldisorders
c.​Intellectualdisabilities
d.​Behaviordisorders
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
40.Whatisthestatisticalaverageforanintelligencetest?​
a.​150
b.​100
c.​50
d.​25
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
NOTES: Thestatisticalaverageforanintelligencetestisgenerallysetat100.
41.Adaptivebehaviorsmaybemeasuredby​
a.​standardizedtests.
b.​observations.
c.​adaptivebehaviorscales.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
42.IntheAAIDDdefinition,intellectualdisabilitymanifestsitselfbeforeage​
a.​21.
b.​18.
c.​5.
d.1.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: TheAAIDDdefinitionindicatesthatintellectualdisabilitymanifestsitselfbeforeage18.
43.Themoreanindividualengagesinvaluedactivities,themorelikelyitisthata(n)________existsbetweentheperson
andtheenvironment.​
a.​adaptivefit
b.​inclusiverelationship
c.​antagonisticrelationship
d.​poorfit
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
44.Accordingtotheauthors,environmentalcontextsinclude​
a.​immediatesocialsetting.
b.​broadercommunity.
c.​societyandculture.
d.​immediatesocialsetting,broadercommunity,andsocietyandculture.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
45.Whichclassificationsystemdiscussedinthetextisdeterminedbyaclinician’simpression?​
a.​Severityofthecondition
b.​Educabilityexpectation
c.​Medicaldescriptors
d.​Adaptiveskillexpectations
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
46.Thereareapproximately________studentswithintellectualdisabilitiesbetweentheagesofsixandtwenty-onein
thepublicschools.​
a.​1.5million
b.​1million
c.​414,000
d.​300,000
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithintellectualdisabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Forschool-agechildrenbetweenages6and21,themostrecentannualreportfromthe
U.S.DepartmentofEducation(2014)reportedthatapproximately414,000students
werelabeledashavingintellectualdisabilitiesandwerereceivingservicesunderIDEA.
47.Theprevalenceofintellectualdisabilitiesworldwideandacrossallagesisestimatedatwhatpercentage?​
a.​1percent
b.​6percent
c.​10percent
d.​22percent
ANSWER: a
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
48.Ateacherisusingpicturesoforangestoinstructstudentswithintellectualdisabilitiesaboutvariousfruits.Amore
effectiveteachingstrategyforthesestudentsmaybeto​
a.​putseveralpicturesoffruitsonasinglepicture.
b.​userealoranges.
c.​teachaboutapplesfirstbecausethesestudentsoftenhavehadmoreinstructiononredobjects.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithintellectualdisabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Childrenwithintellectualdisabilities,asagroup,arelessabletograspabstract,as
opposedtoconcrete,concepts.Accordingly,theybenefitfrominstructionthatis
meaningfulanduseful,andtheylearnmorefromcontactwithrealobjectsthantheydo
fromrepresentationsorsymbols.
49.Theabilitytorehearseatask(topracticeanewconcept,eitheroutloadortothemselves,overandover)isrelatedto
abroadconceptknowas________.​
a.​outer-directedbehavior
b.​self-regulation
c.​learnedhelplessness
d.​self-determination
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithintellectualdisabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Whereasmostpeoplewillrehearsetotrytoremember,individualswithintellectual
disabilitiesdonotappeartobeabletoapplythisskill.
50.Cultural-familialintellectualdisabilitiesmaybeattributedto​
a.​aspeculatedlackofpaternalloveandsupport.
b.​anoxiaatbirth.
c.​socioculturalandgeneticfactors.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Cultural-familialisthetermusedtodescribechildrenwhoseintellectualdisabilitiesmay
beattributedtosocioculturalandgeneticfactors.
51.Geneticconditionscausedbychromosomalabnormalitiesmayresultfrom​
a.​genesinheritedfromtheparents.
b.​errorswhengenescombine.
c.​externalfactors,suchasinfectionsoroverexposuretoX-rays.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Defectsfromchromosomalabnormalitiesmayinvolveaberrationsinchromosomal
arrangementand/ornumbersofchromosomes.Suchdefectsaretypicallysevereand
accompaniedbyvisuallyevidentabnormalities.
52.Downsyndromeiscausedby​
a.​substanceabuse.
b.​chromosomalabnormality.
c.​metabolicerror.
d.​infection.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
53.Theprobabilityofachild’sbeingbornwithDownsyndromeincreaseswith​
a.​alcoholordrugabuse.
b.​poormaternalprenatalcare.
c.​theageoftheparents.
d.​lowsocioeconomicstatus.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
54.Approximatelyoneinevery________infantsarebornwithDownsyndromeintheUnitedStates.​
a.​200
b.​1,000
c.​3,000
d.​700
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
55.________syndromeisararegeneticdiseasethatoccursinabout1inevery20,000birthsandischaracterizedbyan
absenceofgeneticmaterialontheseventhpairofchromosomes.​
a.​Williams
b.​Down
c.​FragileX
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
56.A________disorderisaproblemwiththebody’sabilitytoprocesssubstancesthatcanthenbecomepoisonousand
damagethecentralnervoussystem.​
a.​single-gene
b.​multifactorial
c.​metastic
d.​chromosomal
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
57.Theprobabilityofdamagetothefetusishighestwheninfectionoccursduring​
a.​thebirthprocess.
b.​conception.
c.​thefirstthreemonthsofpregnancy.
d.​thelastthreemonthsofpregnancy.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
58.Anothernameforcongenitalrubellais
a.​mumps.
b.​Germanmeasles.
c.​chickenpox.
d.​diphtheria.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Congenitalrubella(Germanmeasles)causesavarietyofconditions,includingintellectual
disabilities,deafness,blindness,cerebralpalsy,cardiacproblems,seizures,andavariety
ofotherneurologicalproblems.
59.________hasdeclinedasamajorcauseofintellectualdisabilitiesduetothewidespreadadministrationofavaccine.​
a.​Toxoplasmosis
b.​Fetalalcoholsyndrome
c.​Rubella
d.​HIV
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
60.WhatistheleadingpreventablecauseofintellectualdisabilitiesintheUnitedStates?​
a.​Fetalalcoholsyndrome
b.​Toxoplasmosis
c.​Rubella
d.​HIV
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
61.Whatisaconditioninwhichanexcessofcerebrospinalfluidaccumulatesintheskull?​
a.​Microcephaly
b.​Anencephaly
c.​Hydrocephaly
d.​Encephalitis
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Hydrocephalusischaracterizedbyexcessivecerebrospinalfluidaccumulatinginthe
skullresultinginpotentiallydamagingpressureoncerebraltissue.
62.Interventionbasedonnormalpatternsofgrowthisreferredtoasthe​
a.​culturalapproach.
b.​developmentalmilestonesapproach.
c.​maturationalapproach.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
NOTES: Extensivesupportsarecharacterizedbyregular(daily)involvementinatleastsome
environments.Extensivesupportsarenottimelimited.
63.Thedevelopmentoffinemotorskillsisinitiallydependentuponthechild’s________.​
a.​abilitytovisuallyfixuponanobject.
b.​abilitytovisuallytrackamovingtarget.
c.​eye-handcoordination.
d.​abilitytovisuallyfixuponanobject,abilitytovisuallytrackamovingtarget,andeye-handcoordination.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
NOTES: Thedevelopmentoffinemotorskillsisinitiallydependentonthechild’sabilitytovisually
fixonanobjectandvisuallytrackamovingtarget.Coordinationoftheeyeandhandis
anintegralfactorinfinemotordevelopment.
64.Intheareaofcommunicationskills,itismostimportantfortheindividualwithintellectualdisabilitiestodevelop​
a.​verballanguageskillsbeforetheageten.
b.​bothverbalandmanualcommunicationskills.
c.​someformofcommunication.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
NOTES: Childrenmustdevelopsomeformofcommunicationthatwillfacilitateinclusionwith
peersandfamilymembersthroughouttheirlives.
65.Examplesofassistivetechnologyinclude
a.​computers.
b.​wheelchairs.
c.​electronicdevices.
d.​computers,wheelchairs,andelectronicdevices.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
66.Acomprehensiveemploymenttrainingprogramforstudentswithintellectualdisabilitieswouldinclude​
a.​simulatedworkexperiencesthatareprovidedinaschool-basedsetting.
b.​trainingthatfocusesondevelopinganoccupationasopposedtopreparingforspecificjobs.
c.​trainingthattakesplaceinshelteredworkenvironments.
d.​employmenttrainingthatoccursincommunitysettingspriortograduation.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
67.Describetheprevalenceofintellectualdisabilities.​
ANSWER: Theprevalenceofintellectualdisabilitiesworldwideandacrossallagesisestimatedat1
percentofthetotalpopulation(Mauliketal.,2011).Forschool-agechildrenbetween
ages6and21,themostrecentannualreportfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEducation
(2014)reportedthatapproximately414,000studentswerelabeledashavingintellectual
disabilitiesandwerereceivingservicesunderIDEA.Approximately7percentofall
studentswithdisabilitiesbetweentheagesof6and21areidentifiedashaving
intellectualdisabilities.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
68.Describewhyitiscriticalforyoungchildrenwithintellectualdisabilitiestoreceiveearlyinterventionservices.​
ANSWER: Theimportanceofearlyinterventioncannotbeoverstated.Significantadvanceshave
beenmadeintheareaofearlyintervention,includingimprovedassessment,curricula,
andinstructionaltechnologies;increasingnumbersofchildrenreceivingservices;and
appreciationoftheneedtoindividualizeservicesforfamiliesaswellaschildren.Early
interventiontechniques,suchasinfantstimulationprograms,focusontheacquisitionof
sensorimotorskillsandintellectualdevelopment.Infantstimulationinvolveslearning
simplereflexactivitiesandequilibriumreactions.Subsequentinterventionthenexpands
intoallareasofhumangrowthanddevelopment.​
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
69.Listanddiscussthreeeducationalgoalsforadolescentswithintellectualdisabilities.​
ANSWER: 1)Increasepersonalindependence;2)Enhanceopportunityforcommunityparticipation;
3)Prepareforemployment;4)Transition.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
70.Describewhyinclusionofstudentswithintellectualdisabilitieswiththeirnondisabledpeersisanimportantpartofan
appropriateeducationalprogram.​
ANSWER: Regardlessoftheseverityoftheircondition,studentswithintellectualdisabilitiesbenefit
fromplacementingeneraleducationwhereopportunitiesforinteractionwith
nondisabledpeersarestructured.Therearenumerousbenefitsforboththestudents
withdisabilitiesandfortheirpeerswithoutdisabilities.​
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withintellectualdisabilitiesfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
71.DiscussthefourrecommendedclassificationlevelsasproposedbyAAIDD.​
ANSWER: ThefourAAIDDclassificationlevelsare:intermittent,limited,extensive,andpervasive.
Intermittentsupportsareprovidedonanas-neededbasis;characterizedasepisodic(i.e.,
persondoesnotalwaysneedsupports)orshort-termduringlifespantransitions(e.g.,job
lossoracutemedicalcrisis).Intermittentsupportsmaybeofhighorlowintensitywhen
provided.Limitedsupportsarecharacterizedbyconsistency;timerequiredmaybe
limitedbutnotintermittent.Fewerstaffmayberequired,andcostsmaybelowerthan
formoreintensivelevelsofsupport(e.g.,time-limitedemploymenttrainingortransitional
supportsduringschool-to-adultproviderperiod).Extensivesupportsarecharacterizedby
regularinvolvement(e.g.,daily)inatleastsomeenvironments,suchasworkorhome;
supportsarenottimelimited(e.g.,long-termjobandhome-livingsupport).Pervasive
supportsarecharacterizedbyconstancyandhighintensityandprovidedacross
environments;theyhaveapotentiallife-sustainingnature.Pervasivesupportstypically
involvemorestaffandaremoreintrusivethanextensiveortime-limitedsupports.​
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.02-Explainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofintellectual
disabilities.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
72.Compareanddiscussthepossibleknowncausesofintellectualdisabilities.​
ANSWER: Intellectualdisabilitiesresultfrommultiplecauses,someknown,manyunknown(The
ARC,2011a).Possibleknowncausesofintellectualdisabilitiesincludegenetic
conditions,problemsduringpregnancy,problemsatbirth,problemsafterbirth,and
poverty-relateddeprivation.Geneticconditionsmayresultfromgenesinheritedfrom
parents,errorswhengenescombine,orfromexternalfactors,suchasinfectionsduring
pregnancyoroverexposuretoX-rays.Excessivematernaluseofalcoholordrugsor
exposuretocertainenvironmentalhazards,suchasX-raysorinsecticides,candamage
thechild.Temporaryoxygendeprivation,abnormallaboranddelivery,neonatalseizures,
andheadtraumaatbirthareexamplesofthetypesofproblemsduringbirththatcan
occur.Notvaccinatingagainstchildhooddiseasesandinjuriescanalsocausebrain
damage.Childrenlivinginpovertyareathigherriskformalnutrition,childhooddiseases,
andexposuretoenvironmentalhealthhazards,andoftenreceiveinadequatehealthcare.
Eachofthesefactorsincreasestheriskofintellectualdisability.
Socioculturalcausesmaybeattributedtobothsocioculturalandgeneticfactors.
Biomedicalcausesarebiologicalprocessessuchasgeneticdisordersornutrition.These
includechromosomalabnormalities,metabolismandnutrition,andpostnatalbrain
disease.Behavioralcauses,suchasdangerousactivitiesormaternalsubstanceabuse,
cancauseintellectualandotherdisabilities.Examplesofbehavioralcausesarematernal
infectionorintoxication,andtraumasorphysicalaccidents.Lastlyunknownprenatal
influencessuchasanencephalyorhydrocephaluscanresultinseveredisorders.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.09.04-Listthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithintellectual