1.Learningdisabilities
a.areaneasilyidentifieddisorder.
b.arealwaysmild.
c.consistofahomogeneousgroupofindividuals.
d.havelongbeenassociatedwithcontroversy.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Controversy,confusion,andpolarizationhavelongbeenassociatedwiththefieldof
learningdisabilities.
2.WhichofthefollowinghasNOTcontributedtoconfusionassociatedwithlearningdisabilities(LD)?
a.Previously,manychildrenweremislabeled.
b.Learningdisabilitiesinvolvemanytypesofproblems.
c.IndividualswithLDexhibitcomplexneedsandcharacteristics.
d.Advancingdiagnostictechnologyhasconfusedcausationdata.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Controversy,confusionandpolarizationhavebeenassociatedwithlearningdisabilities.
Thetermisagenericlabelrepresentingaheterogeneousgroupofchallengingconditions
withhighlyvariableandcomplexcharacteristicsandneeds.Previouslymanychildren
werelabeledasremedialreadersemotionallydisturbed,orchildrenwithintellectual
disabilities.
3.AccordingtoIDEA2004,theterm”learningdisabilities”includesstudentswhohavelearningproblemsresultingfrom
a.anorganicimpairmentresultinginperceptualproblems,thinkingdisorders,andemotionalinstability.
b.behaviorproblemswithevidenceofdifficultiesinlanguage,memory,motorskills,andimpulsecontrol.
c.adisorderinoneormoreofthebasicpsychologicalprocessesinunderstandingorusinglanguage.
d.lowsocioeconomicstatus.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: “Specificlearningdisability”meansadisorderinoneormoreofthebasicpsychological
processesinvolvedinunderstandingorinusinglanguage,spokenorwritten,whichmay
manifestitselfinanimperfectabilitytolisten,think,speak,read,write,spell,ortodo
mathematicalcalculations.
4.Alearningdisabilitycanbedeterminedbywhichofthefollowing?
a.Aseverediscrepancybetweenachild’sachievementandintellectualability
b.Thechild’sresponsetointervention
c.Achild’sbrainimaging
d.Aseverediscrepancybetweenachild’sachievementandintellectualabilityandthechild’sresponseto
intervention
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Schoolsnowhavetheoptionofusingaprocessthatdeterminesachild’sresponseto
intervention(RtI),whichisaimedatevidence-baseddecisionsandisresearch-based.
5.Learningdisabilitiescanbeconsidered_______________becauseitincludessuchvariedcharacteristics.
a.auselessterm b.anumbrellaterm
c.astigmatizinglabel d.anachievementlabel
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Learningdisabilitiesisageneralumbrellatermthatincludesbothacademicand
behavioralproblems.Thewiderangeofcharacteristicsassociatedwithchildrenwho
havelearningdisabilities,alongwithvariousmethodologicalchallenges(suchas
heterogeneouspopulationsandmeasurementerror),hascausedmanydifficultiesin
conductingresearchonlearningdisabilities.
6.Accordingtothetext,determiningtheprevalenceoflearningdisabilitiesiscomplicatedbecause
a.therearedifferingdefinitions,theoreticalperspectives,andassessmentproceduresused.
b.parentsofchildrenwithlearningproblemsresistthelabeloflearningdisabilities.
c.studentswithlearningdisabilitiesareservedprimarilyinregularclassrooms,andthereforetheyarenotincluded
inprevalencedata.
d.itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesandstudentswithintellectualdisabilities.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
7.Prevalenceestimatesforlearningdisabilitiesaremorevariablethanotherdisabilitycategoriesdueto
a.lownumberscomparedtootherdisabilities. b.differingdefinitionsofthetermlearningdisabilities.
c.inabilitytoselectonecharacteristictofocuson. d.homogeneityinthosewithlearningdisabilities.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Prevalencefiguresgatheredthroughvariousstudiesareunlikelytomatchwhen
differentdefinitionsdeterminewhatiscounted.
8.Comorbidityresearchinvestigatesthedegreetowhichchildrenandyouth
a.exhibitevidenceofmultipledisabilitiesor
conditions.
b.arenotbeingidentifiedwithlearningdisabilities.
c.displaythechallengingcharacteristicsoflearning
disabilities.
d.whodonotrespondadequatelytogoodprimary
instruction.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Comorbidityresearchinvestigatesthedegreetowhichyoungstersexhibitevidenceof
multipledisabilitiesorconditions(suchaslearningdisabilitiesandcommunication
disorders,orpersonalitydisorders)
9.Decliningnumbersofstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesmaybeduetowhichofthefollowingreasons?
a.Thereisashortageofqualifiedteachersforstudentswithlearningdisabilities.
b.Learningdisabilityclassroomsareovercrowded.
c.Earlierandmoreeffectiveintervention,especiallyinreading,.
d.Professionalsfeelthatstudentswithlearningdisabilitiescouldbebetterservedifidentifiedwithautism.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Reasonsforthisdeclinemayberelatedtoearlierandmoreeffectiveintervention,
especiallyinreading,andshiftsinthewaystheconditionisidentified
10.Intelligenceamongindividualswithlearningdisabilitiesis
a.alwaysbelowaverage. b.alwaysaboveaverage.
c.generallyofaverageornear-average. d.notknown.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
NOTES: Populationswithbehaviordisordersandlearningdisabilitiesarethoughttoincludepeople
generallyconsideredaboveaverage,average,ornearaverageinintelligence
11.Studentswithreadingdisabilitiesmayexperiencedifficultywhentryingto
a.generalizeletterpatterns.
b.focusonimportant,ratherthanirrelevant,aspectsofatask.
c.recognizewords.
d.generalizeletterpatterns,focusonimportant,ratherthanirrelevant,aspectsofatask,andrecognizewords.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
12.Themostcommonacademicproblemsfoundamongstudentswhohavespecificlearningdisabilitiesis
a.handwriting.
b.socialskill.
c.spelling.
d.reading.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Readingproblemsarefoundamongstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesmoreoftenthanin
anyotherareaofacademicperformance.
13.Intheareaofreading,specificsinglemethodskillinstructionmayimproveperformance,butifthefocusofinstruction
istoonarrowthestudentmaynot
a.gainskillsinwordknowledgeandwordrecognition.
b.generalizereadingskillslearnedtootherrelevantareas.
c.usecontextcluestoaidinwordrecognition.
d.learntoread.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
14.Difficultiesthatoccurinhandwritingofchildrenwhohavelearningdisabilitiesmaybeattributedto
a.lackofdevelopmentalskillsrequiredtowrite. b.readinglevel.
c.agelevel. d.leveloffinemotorcoordination.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Somechildrenarepoorathandwritingbecausetheyhavenotmasteredbasic
developmentalskillsrequiredfortheprocess,suchasgraspingapenorpencil.
15.Markhasdifficultywithreadingcomprehension.HisteacherhasdeterminedthatMarkoftenisconfusedaboutthe
centralthemeofthepassagehehasread,focusinginsteadonperipheralinformation.ItispossiblethatMarkhasa
a.short-termmemoryproblem. b.visualdiscriminationproblem.
c.shortattentionspan. d.selectiveattentionproblem.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
NOTES: Selectiveattentionproblemscausedifficultyinfocusingoncentrallyimportanttasksor
informationratherthanperipheralorlessrelevantstimuli.
16.Vivianhasaproblemwithfigure–grounddiscrimination.ThismeansVivianmayhavetroublereadingbecauseshe
a.cannotseethewords.
b.perceiveslettersasunrelatedlines.
c.sheseesnumbersreversed.
d.shehasdifficultydistinguishingwordsfromtherestofthepage.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
17.Korbinhasdifficultywithvisualdiscrimination.Thismeanshemay
a.beunabletodiscriminatebetweencolors.
b.perceivelettersasunrelatedparts.
c.notdistinguishbetweenmitandmat.
d.needglasses.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Individualswithdifficultiesinvisualdiscriminationmaybeunabletodistinguishone
visualstimulusfromanother(theycannottellthedifferencebetweenwordssuchassit
andsat,forexample,orbetweenletterssuchasVandW,andtheycommonlyreverse
letterssuchasbandd).
18.Hyperactivityistypicallythoughtofas
a.ageneralexcessofactivity. b.uncontrollablemusclecontractions.
c.ashortattentionspan. d.aninabilitytoleaveagiventask.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Hyperactivity,alsotermedhyperkineticbehavior,istypicallythoughtofasageneral
excessofactivity.
19.Neurologicalcausesofbraindamageandlearningdisabilitiesmayinclude
a.phenotypicinsultortrauma. b.paternalage.
c.retinaldysplasia. d.anoxia.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.04-ListthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithLD.
20.Sethhasdifficultywithkinestheticinformation.Thismeanshemayhave
a.ashortattentionspan.
b.diminishedcognitiveabilities.
c.difficultywithhandandarmmovementsashewrites.
d.loweredintellectualaptitude.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Kinestheticinformationregardinghandandarmmovementsistransmittedasonewrites.
21.Theultimatepurposeofassessmentinlearningdisabilitiesisto
a.determinetheappropriatelearningdisabilityclassification.
b.determinetheappropriatefundingleveladministratively.
c.eliminateotherpossibledisabilitycategories.
d.provideanappropriateintervention.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Assessmentandinterventioninvolveaprocessthatincludesscreening,identification,
placementanddeliveryofspecializedassistance.
22.Curriculum-basedassessmentuses
a.standardizedtestingresults.
b.student’scurriculumobjectivesasthecriteriabywhichprogressisevaluated.
c.maturationaldelaystodeterminestudentareasforassessment.
d.studentcurriculuminterestsasaguideforinstruction.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Curriculum-basedassessmentusesstudent’scurriculumobjectivesasthecriteriaby
whichprogressisevaluated.
23.Norm-referencedassessments
a.compareastudent’sperformancetoaspecificcriterion.
b.aredesignedtohelpineducationalprogramming.
c.provideinformationonspecificlearningdeficits.
d.compareanindividual’sperformancetohisorherpeers.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Norm-referencedassessmentcomparesanindividual‘sskillsorperformancewiththatof
others,suchaspeers,usuallyonthebasisofnationalaveragescores.
24.Criterion-referencedassessmentsarehelpful
a.incomparingthestudent’sabilitieswithpeers.
b.forplanninginstructionalprogramming.
c.fordiagnosingcategoriesofexceptionality.
d.indeterminingaverageclassachievement.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Criterion-referencedassessmentishelpfulforspecificinstructionalpurposesand
planning.
25.Thepurposeofscreeningstudentssuspectedofhavingalearningproblemistodetermine
a.theproperplacementforachild. b.thenatureofthelearningproblem.
c.whetherinvestigationisnecessary. d.appropriateinterventionstrategies.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Theroleofscreeningisto“raisearedflag,”orsuggestthatinvestigationisneeded.
26.Mathematicalinterventionsforstudentswithlearningdisabilities
a.useageneralizedfocusorholistictreatment.
b.focusonthecauseofneurologicaldysfunction.
c.arelessusefulforacademicdifficulties.
d.includeteachingproblemsolvingtoincreaseachievement.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
NOTES: Recentresearchonteachingproblemsolvingindicatesthatcognitivestrategyinstruction
increasesachievementforstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesinmath.
27.Theauthorsemphasizethatoneofthestrengthsofbehaviorinterventionis
a.Theeasewithwhichtheycanbeused.
b.Theycanbeappliedtoawidevarietyofneeds.
c.Theyworkbestwiththemostseveredisabilities.
d.Thereislittletrainingneededforeffectiveuse.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Oneofthesignificantstrengthsofbehavioralinterventionsisthat,givenknowledgeof
thebasictheory,theycanbemodifiedtosuitawidevarietyofneedsandcircumstances.