28.Tobesuccessful,inclusiveeducationrequirescommitmenttocollaborationamong
a.administrators,specialeducationteachers,andfamilies.
b.parentsandgeneralteachers.
c.generalteachers,specialteachersandotherteammembers.
d.schoolpsychologistsandspecialeducationteachers.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
NOTES: InclusiveapproacheshavereceivedincreasingattentionintheLDliterature,prompting
debateaboutadvantagesandlimitationsofplacingstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesin
fullyinclusiveenvironments.Thesuccessofinclusiveeducationrequirescommitmentto
collaborationamonggeneralandspecialeducatorsandotherteammembers.
29.Theterm“learningdisabilities”wasvirtuallyanunrecognizedclassificationpriortothe1960s.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.01-Describehowthelivesofpeoplewithlearningdisabilities
(LD)havechangedsincetheadventofIDEA.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
30.Today,servicesrelatedtolearningdisabilitiesrepresentthelargestsingleprogramforexceptionalchildreninthe
UnitedStates.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
31.Manyofthedifficultiesthatadolescentswithlearningdisabilitiesexperiencedisappearastheygrowolder.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
32.Determiningtheprecisecauseoflearningdisabilitiesisdifficult.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
33.Allchildrenwithlearningdisabilitiesarehyperactive.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
34.Forthemostpart,individualswithlearningdisabilitieshaveaverageornear-averageintelligence.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
35.Bothnorm-referencedandcriterion–referencedassessmentsareusefulinworkingwithstudentswithlearning
disabilities.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
36.AbalancedRTIconceptfocusesoneducationalprofessionalscollaboratingwithfamiliesofexceptionalstudentsto
provideevidence-basedinstructionalmethodologysupport.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
37.Childrenwithlearningdisabilitiesoftenhavedifficultieswithfoundationalmathskills.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
38.Teenswhohavelearningdisabilitieshavelowerschoolcompletionratesandhigherunemploymentratesthan
nondisabledteens.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
39.Describetworeasonswhythedefinitionsoflearningdisabilitieshavebeensovaried.
ANSWER: 1)Itisabroadgenerictermthatencompassesmanydifferentspecificproblems;2)The
studyoflearningdisabilitieshasbeenundertakenfromavarietyoffieldsanddisciplines;
3)TheIDEAdefinitionissomewhatvague;4)Thefieldhasgrownataveryrapidpace.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
40.Listtheroleofscreeningininvestigatingifachildhasalearningdisability.
ANSWER: Screeningmightpointtoavarietyofneedssuchasfurtherclassificationofthedisability,
planningofinterventionservicessuchaspsychologicaltreatmentorindividualized
instruction,orongoingevaluationofprogress.Forstudentswithlearningdisabilities,
assessmentisnotasimple,isolatedeventresultinginasinglediagnosis.Rather,itisa
complexprocesswithmanydifferentsteps.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
41.Identifythreeperceptionalproblemsthatarecharacteristicofchildrenwithlearningdisabilities.
ANSWER: 1)hapticperception;2)figure–grounddiscrimination;3)visualdiscrimination;4)auditory
perception;5)kinesthetic.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
42.Listthreeareasofdifficultyassociatedwithlearningdisabilities.
ANSWER: 1)Intelligence;2)Adaptiveskills;3)Academicachievement;4)Environmentalfactors.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
43.Describethedifferencebetweenformalandinformalassessment.
ANSWER: Theconceptsofformalandinformalhaveevolvedtomeanstandardizedversusteacher-
madetestsorassessments.Standardizedinstrumentsarethosethatarepublishedand
distributedwidelyonacommercialbasis,suchasintelligencetestsandachievement
tests.Teacher-made(orthosedevisedbyanyprofessional)generallyrefertotechniques
orinstrumentsthatarenotcommerciallyavailable.Thesemaybeconstructedfor
specificassessmentpurposesandareoftenquiteformalin
thesensethatgreatcareistakenintheevaluationprocess.Bothformalandinformal
assessmenttechniquesareeffectivewaysofevaluatingstudentswithlearning
disabilitiesandotherstudents,aswell.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.05-DescribetheassessmentproceduresusedtoidentifyLDin
childrenandyouth.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
44.Describethetypesofinterventionsforpeoplewithlearningdisabilities.
ANSWER: 1)AcademicInstructionandSupport—Awidevarietyofinstructionalapproacheshave
beenusedovertheyearsforchildrenwithlearningdisabilities.Theseincludestrategies
todevelopcognition,attention,spokenlanguage,andskillinreading,writing,and
mathematics.2)Behavioralinterventions—generallyusepracticalapplicationsof
learningprinciplessuchasreinforcement.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
45.Discusshowinformationandcommunicationtechnologymaybeusedtoacademicallysupportstudentswithlearning
disabilitiesintheclassroom.
ANSWER: Laptopcomputers,tabletcomputers,andinteractivewhiteboardsarecommonlyusedfor
avarietyofteachingandlearningactivitiesingeneralandspecialeducationclassrooms.
Thesedevicesallowteachersandstudentstoengageininteractiveteachingand
learning.Downloadableapplicationsprovidealmostunlimitedstrategiesforusing
computers.Theonlydrawbacktousingnewtechnologiesseemstobeinadequate
teacherpreparationinkeepingupwithquicklyevolvingpossibilities.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withLDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
46.Studentswithlearningdisabilitiesmaybeassessedusingformal,informal,norm-referenced,orcriterion-referenced
means.Definetheseapproachesandprovideanexampleofeach.
ANSWER: Thenotionsofformalandinformalhavegrowntomeanstandardizedversusteacher-
madetestsortechniques.Standardizedinstrumentsarethosethatarepublishedand
distributedwidelyonacommercialbasis,suchasintelligencetestsandachievement
tests.Teacher-made(orthosedevisedbyanyprofessional)generallyrefertotechniques
orinstrumentsthatarenotcommerciallyavailable.Thesemaybeconstructedfor
specificassessmentpurposesandareoftenquiteformalinthesensethatgreatcareis
takenintheevaluationprocess.Bothformalandinformalassessmenttechniquesare
effectivewaysofevaluatingstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesandotherstudents,as
47.Responsetointervention(RtI)isanalternativemethodtothediscrepancymodeltoidentifystudentsashavinga
learningdisability.Describehowbothoftheseapproachesareusedintheidentificationoflearningdisabilities.
ANSWER: Priorto2004,IDEAmandatedthatanycriterionforclassifyingachildashaving
learningdisabilitiesmustbebasedonapreexistingseverediscrepancybetween
intellectualcapacityandachievement.Achild’slearningdisabilitymustbedeterminedon
anindividualbasis,andtheremustbeaseverediscrepancybetweenachievementand
intellectualabilityinoneormoreofthefollowingareas:oralexpression,listening
comprehension,writtenexpression,basicreadingskill,readingcomprehension,
mathematicalcalculation,ormathematicalreasoning.Themeaningofthetermsevere
discrepancyisdebatedamongprofessionals.Schoolsnowhavetheoptionofusinga
processthatdeterminesachild’sresponsetointervention(RtI),whichisaimedat
evidence-baseddecisionsandisresearch-basedThebasicconceptofRtIisempirically
baseddecisionmaking—thatis,determininginterventionsuccessonthebasisofdata
reflectingthestudent’sperformance.Thisapproachhasconsiderableappealforseveral
reasons.Inparticular,RtIisfocusedonthechild’sacademicresponsetospecific
instruction,anditisalsoanotherperspectiveforassessingchildrenwithlearning
disabilities.Thislatterrationaleisveryusefulforsomechildrenwhoarestrugglingwith
earlyacademicworkbutmaynotevidenceaseverediscrepancy.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
48.Instructional/academicinterventionsaredifferentforadolescentsthanthoseusedwithyoungerindividuals.Discuss
thekeyconcernsofaneffectiveinstructionalprogramforstudentsenteringadulthood.
ANSWER: Interventionsforindividualswithlearningdisabilitiesduringadolescenceandtheyoung
adultyearsdiffersomewhatthanthoseusedforchildren.Newissuesemergeduringthe
teenyears.Appropriateassistanceforayoungerchildwilltypicallynotworkwithapre-
teenorteen.Adolescentsstillneedtodevelopbasicacademicsurvivalskillsandthey
maylacksocialskills.SchoolinstructionforadolescentswithLDmayinvolveteaching
compensatoryskills,counseling,interpersonalskills,andtransitionservices.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
49.Thelearningdisabilitymustbeinoneormoreofthesevenareas.Theseareasinclude:​
a.​oralexpression.
b.​listeningcomprehension.
c.​mathematicalreasoning.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
50.Alearningdisabilityisaconditionthatincludes​
a.​onlyacademicproblems.
b.​onlybehavioralproblems.
c.​bothacademicandbehavioralproblems.
d.​academic,behavioral,andpsychologicalproblems.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
51.Responsetointervention,asitiscurrentlybeingusedbyteachersandinvestigatedbyresearchers,refersto​
a.​thediscrepancybetweenastudent’sabilityandhisorherrateofacademiclearningasmeasuredon
standardizedtests.
b.​howastudentrespondstoinstructionalinterventionsthatarescientifically(evidence)based.
c.​theneedforstudentstobeincludedinthegeneraleducationcurriculum.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
52.Anevidence–basedmethodtodeterminethechild’sacademicresponsetospecificinstructionisknownas​
a.​responsetointervention.
b.​theseverediscrepancymodel.
c.​alearningdisability.
d.​comorbidity.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationsofLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: RTIisthestudent’sresponsetoinstructionalinterventionsthathavebeendeterminedto
beeffectivethroughscientificallybasedresearch.
53.Researchersquestionwhetherchildrenwithalearningdisabilitycommithandwritingerrorsmoreoftenthantheir
nondisabledpeerswhoareatthesame​
a.​gradelevel.
b.​readinglevel.
c.​agelevel.
d.​leveloffinemotorcoordination.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Someresearchersviewthehandwritingabilitiesofstudentswithlearningdisabilitiesas
beingcloselyrelatedtotheirreadingability.Forexample,researchdoesnotclearly
indicatethatchildrenwithlearningdisabilitieswritemorepoorlythantheirnormally
achievingpeerswhoarereadingonasimilarlevel.
54.Environmentalinfluencessuggestedaspossiblecausesoflearningdisabilitiesinclude​
a.​dietaryinadequacies.
b.​excessivematernalstress.
c.​inadequatelightingduringneonataldevelopment.
d.​excessiveneonatalstimulation.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.04-ListthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
NOTES: Environmentalinfluencesareoftenmentionedasapossiblecauseoflearningdisabilities.
Suchfactorsasdietinadequacies,foodadditives,radiationstress,fluorescentlighting,
unshieldedtelevisiontubes,smoking,drinking,drugconsumption,andinappropriate
schoolinstructionhaveallbeeninvestigated.
55.Somechildrenwithlearningdisabilitieshaveslowerdevelopmentinareasoflanguageskills,academicareas,or
visual–motorskills.Thedifficultyisknownas​
a.​hyperkenticbehavior.
b.​maturationaldelay.
c.​geneticinheritance.
d.​inappropriateschoolinstruction.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.07.04-ListthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithLD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.