1. Froebel believed that future teachers should reflect repeatedly on their own childhood experiences for insights that
they can apply to their teaching. What have your childhood experiences taught you about how students learn and
how you should teach? Based on these lessons from your experience, with which educational theorist discussed in
Chapter 4 do you have the most in common? Why?
ANSWER: Students’ answers may vary considerably, based on the nature of their individual
experiences and beliefs. Answers should be assessed on the reflective thinking and
insight that students exhibit in extracting lessons about teaching and learning from their
experiences and on the extent to which they are able to link their insights to the major
ideas of one of the educational pioneers discussed in the chapter.
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: Chapter 4 Pioneers of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.01DescribeComenius’spansophismasachildcentered
approach to make schools more humane and ecumenical.
FOED.ORNS.17.04.02DiscussRousseau’sproposalfornaturaleducationinEmile
as a challenge to traditional views about knowledge, education, teachers, and children.
FOED.ORNS.17.04.03DeterminehowPestalozzi’semphasisoneducatingthewhole
child reshaped teaching and learning in elementary schools.
FOED.ORNS.17.04.04 – Explain why teachers in the upper grades and high school
weresoattractedtoHerbert’ssystemizingofinstruction.
FOED.ORNS.17.04.05DescribeFroebel’skindergartenasaliberatingmovementin
early childhood education.
FOED.ORNS.17.04.06CommentonSpencer’sSocialDarwinismasarationalefor
individual competition in schools and society.
FOED.ORNS.17.04.07AssessDewey’suseofthescientificmethodinnproblem
2. DevelopadirectcomparisonbetweenMontessori’sandPiaget’sphilosophiesanddiscusshowtheirenvironments
may vary.
ANSWER: Maria Montessori believed that the education of young children must be done in a
“speciallypreparedenvironment”wherethechildren’scurriculumwasbasedin
practical, sensory, and formal activities. The preplanned teacher devices allowed the
childrentomasterskillswithanintellectualoutcome.JeanPiaget’sphilosophywas
devoted to the four sub-stages of cognitive development. He believed that children
construct their concepts about reality by actively exploring their environment. His
movement caused Americans schools to become less formal in the environment.
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: 4-9 Montessori: The Prepared Environment
4-10 Piaget: Developmental Growth
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.09DiscusshowMontessori’strainingandbackground
contributed to her design of the prepared learning environment.
FOED.ORNS.17.04.10ExplainhowPiaget’stheoryofstagebasedhuman
development changed elementary schools and teaching.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyzing | Bloom’s: Applying
3. The child depravity theory held that the corruptive weakness of children could be corrected by
a. authoritarian teaching techniques.
b. developmentally appropriate teaching.
c. naturalistic teaching approaches.
d. social interaction with peers.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-2 Rousseau: Educating the Natural Child
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.02DiscussRousseau’sproposalfornaturaleducationinEmile
as a challenge to traditional views about knowledge, education, teachers, and children.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
4. Katherine, an elementary school teacher, believes that children are by nature prone to mean and unruly behavior and
that part of a teacher’s job is to be a firm disciplinarian to help children overcome these tendencies. Katherine’s ideas
are most similar to which of the following?
a. child naturalism b. tabula rasa
c. child depravity theory d. utilitarian education
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-1 Comenius: Pansophism as a New Method
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.01DescribeComenius’spansophismasachildcentered
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
5. The teaching of Latin utilizing the student’s vernacular language was emphasized by
a. Comenius. b. Dewey.
c. Froebel. d. Spencer.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-1 Comenius: Pansophism as a New Method
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.01DescribeComenius’spansophismasachildcentered
approach to make schools more humane and ecumenical.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
6. Comenius sought to develop an efficient method of instruction based on the
a. child depravity theory. b. curriculum correlation.
c. principles of child development. d. use of rote learning.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-1c Influence on Educational Practices Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.01DescribeComenius’spansophismasachildcentered
approach to make schools more humane and ecumenical.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
7. Rousseau believed that the school as an institution
a. met children’s emotional needs. b. corrupted children.
c. failed to insist on rigorous standards. d. reflected the best in society.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-2a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.02DiscussRousseau’sproposalfornaturaleducationinEmile
as a challenge to traditional views about knowledge, education, teachers, and children.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
8. Sarah believes that schools too often get in the way of meaningful education. She wants to start her own school
where children will have fewer textbooks and rules and more unstructured, firsthand experiences with the world.
Which of the following theorists is most relevant to Sarah’s beliefs?
a. Comenius b. Spencer
c. Montessori d. Rousseau
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-2a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.02DiscussRousseau’sproposalfornaturaleducationinEmile
as a challenge to traditional views about knowledge, education, teachers, and children.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
9. Rousseau broke with many educational philosophers in his belief that
a. parents should be forced to spend a great deal of time directly involved with the education of their own
children.
b. children should not come under the direct influence of the Church until well into their teen years so that their
minds could develop free of religious doctrine.
c. schools should be public and open to every child.
d. adult coercion negatively influences children’s development.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-2b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.02DiscussRousseau’sproposalfornaturaleducationinEmile
as a challenge to traditional views about knowledge, education, teachers, and children.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
10. Jane Addams was best known for _____________ ideal in the education of young children.
a. pioneering the peace education b. the need for environments
c. the religious perspectives d. the authoritarian education
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-8 Addams: Socialized Education
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.08AssessAddam’ssocializededucationasaforerunnerof
multicultural education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
11. Pestalozzi believed that teachers needed to develop
a. expertise in Greek and Latin.
b. special instruction for gifted students.
c. authoritarian instructional approaches.
d. secure and loving environments.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-3a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.03DeterminehowPestalozzi’semphasisoneducatingthewhole
child reshaped teaching and learning in elementary schools.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
12. Antonia’sdreamistoestablishherownprimaryschool—onethateducatesthe“wholechild”andthathasteachers
who help children feel safe, secure, and cared for. Which of the following educational theorists should she study for
ideas that may help her plan her school?
a. Spencer b. Piaget
c. Rousseau d. Pestalozzi
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-5 Pestalozzi: Educating the Whole Child’s Mind, Body, and Emotions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.03DeterminehowPestalozzi’semphasisoneducatingthewhole
child reshaped teaching and learning in elementary schools.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
13. Herbart was noted for incorporating history and literature into the curriculum. He did this to
a. replace the classical Greek and Latin languages.
b. study the lives of great people of the past and how they made their moral decisions.
c. place events in their proper chronological order.
d. have students actively challenge the ideas of the past’s great leaders.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Medium
REFERENCES: 4-4a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.04 – Explain why teachers in the upper grades and high school
weresoattractedtoHerbert’ssystemizingofinstruction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
14. According to Froebel, the paramount influence in the kindergarten classroom was
a. the curriculum. b. learners’ interests.
c. parental support. d. the personality of the teacher.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-5b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.05DescribeFroebel’skindergartenasaliberatingmovementin
early childhood education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
15. You just took a job teaching in a primary school. The principal has told you that the school’s mission envisions each
classroombecominga“preparedenvironment”forencouragingselfdevelopmentandsocialization.Theseideasare
based on
a. Rousseau’s view of society. b. Froebel’s view of the kindergarten.
c. Friere’s view of curriculum. d. Piaget’s principles of learning.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-5a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.05DescribeFroebel’skindergartenasaliberatingmovementin
early childhood education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
16. The process by which competition would bring about gradual but inevitable progress is
a. induction. b. naturalism.
c. the scientific method. d. Social Darwinism.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-6 Spencer: Social Darwinist and Utilitarian Educator
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.06CommentonSpencer’sSocialDarwinismasarationalefor
individual competition in schools and society.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
17. Rousseauoriginallybelievedthatpeoplewere“noblesavages,”________________________.
a. innocent, free and uncorrupted.
b. restrained, jailed and corrupt in their ideals.
c. pure and driven to change.
d. able to adapt to all social situations.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-2 Rousseau: Educating the Natural Child
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.02DiscussRousseau’sproposalfornaturaleducationinEmile
as a challenge to traditional views about knowledge, education, teachers, and children.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
18. For John Dewey, education’s sole purpose is to contribute to
a. the cultivation of intellectual virtues.
b. the moral development of the individual.
c. peace and human understanding.
d. the social growth of the individual.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-7b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.07AssessDewey’suseofthescientificmethodinnproblem
solving as a method of instruction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
19. According to Dewey, schools translate cultural heritage, and people use this heritage to
a. alter the social sciences. b. solve their problems.
c. develop the history curriculum. d. compete against others.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-7b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.07AssessDewey’suseofthescientificmethodinnproblem
solving as a method of instruction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
20. The curriculum and activities that Dewey proposed for schools
a. are based on classical literature.
b. culminate in reflecting on and testing the consequences of action.
c. were required to be recorded in curriculum guides for others to use.
d. had to be developed by content experts in the various disciplines.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-7b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.07AssessDewey’suseofthescientificmethodinnproblem
solving as a method of instruction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
21. In your elementary classroom, you use hands-on methods that encourage students to inquire for themselves about
various ideas and problems in the curriculum’s subjects. Several parents have criticized your approach, saying that
you pay too little attention to systematic subject-matter learning. You have a great deal in common with which
famous educator?
a. Dewey b. Spencer
c. Rousseau d. Comenius
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-7c Influence on Educational Practices Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.07AssessDewey’suseofthescientificmethodinnproblem
solving as a method of instruction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
22. Preplanned materials and learning exercises designed to develop the practical, sensory, and formal skills of children
were designed by
a. Dewey. b. Spencer.
c. Montessori. d. Rousseau.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-9b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.09DiscusshowMontessori’strainingandbackground
contributed to her design of the prepared learning environment.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
23. Of the educators discussed in Chapter 3, Luis finds the ideas of Maria Montessori to be most relevant to the area in
which he is seeking certification, so he plans to try to learn more about her thinking. Of the following specializations,
which is most likely to be the one Luis is pursuing?
a. elementary physical education
b. middle-school social studies education
c. secondary science education
d. early childhood education
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-9c Influence on Educational Practices Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.09DiscusshowMontessori’strainingandbackground
contributed to her design of the prepared learning environment.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
24. Jean Piaget’s principles of learning are based primarily on
a. the child’s cognitive development. b. the child’s moral development.
c. the child’s physical development. d. thechild’semotionaldevelopment
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-10a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.10ExplainhowPiaget’stheoryofstagebasedhuman
development changed elementary schools and teaching.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
25. The education pioneer who suggested that teachers should design their classrooms as learning centers stocked with
materials that engage children’s curiosity and stimulate their explorations was
a. Jane Addams. b. Herbert Spencer.
c. Jean Piaget. d. John Dewey.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-10b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.10ExplainhowPiaget’stheoryofstagebasedhuman
development changed elementary schools and teaching.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
26. Piaget’shighestlevelofcognitivedevelopmentisthe__________period,whereindividualsdealwithlogical
propositions and construct abstract hypotheses.
a. preoperational b. formal operational
c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-10a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.10ExplainhowPiaget’stheoryofstagebasedhuman
development changed elementary schools and teaching.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
27. Rebelling against gender restrictions, __________ developed a philosophy of socialized education.
a. Montessori b. Addams
c. Froebel d. Spencer
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-8 Addams: Socialized Education
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.08AssessAddam’ssocializededucationasaforerunnerof
multicultural education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
28. BecauseofJaneAddams’workwithimmigrantsinChicago,teachersnowseetheimportanceof____________.
a. economics. b. demographics.
c. technical trends. d. all of the above.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-8a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.08AssessAddam’ssocializededucationasaforerunnerof
multicultural education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
29. Identify advantages and disadvantages of respecting children’s natural needs and interests, as proposed by
Comenius.
ANSWER: Advantages should center on the ability of children to explore their interests with few limitations and on
the idea that learning may be more efficient when the individual child is ready to learn a particular skill or
concept. Disadvantages should center on concerns about the amount of learning that takes place when
the emphasis is not to rush or pressure children and on the need to include, in the curriculum, certain
content that the children themselves might not identify.
30. DescribethefourprimarystagesofJeanPiaget’stheoryofcognitivedevelopment.
ANSWER: 1) Sensorimotor: birth-2 years, primary focused on the five senses to explore the world
around them. 2) Preoperational: 2- 7 years, early speech that leads to operational
thinking and complex high order thoughts. 3) Concrete-operational: 7-11 years,
mathematical and logical processes, more advanced stages of reasoning. 4) Formal-
operational: 11-early adulthood, abstract ideas, hypotheses, and cause and effect.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
REFERENCES: 4-10a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.10ExplainhowPiaget’stheoryofstagebasedhuman
development changed elementary schools and teaching.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
31. ProvideanoverviewofJaneAddams’backgroundandinfluenceoneducation.
ANSWER: Apioneeringleaderinsocialwork,thepeacemovementandwomen’srights,she
framed the socialized education philosophy, forcing educators to take a closer look at
the direct influences of economics, demographics, and technical trends within a culture
(1860-1935 in Chicago).
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-8c Influence on Educational Practices Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.08AssessAddam’ssocializededucationasaforerunnerof
multicultural education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
32. SummarizethekeypointsofHerbertSpencer’s“SocialDarwinism.”
ANSWER: Darwinbelievedthatthe‘fittest’individualswouldsurvivebecauseoftheirskill,
intelligence and adaptability. Spencer focused on competition, a natural force that
induced humans to climb to the top of a socioeconomic ladder. Competition would
improve the human race and result in gradual positive process.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-6 Spencer: Darwinist and Utilitarian Educator
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.06CommentonSpencer’sSocialDarwinismasarationalefor
individual competition in schools and society.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
33. WhataresomeguidingpracticesthatyouasateachercanbegintoimplementfromPiaget’stheory?
ANSWER: 1) Encourage children to explore and experiment. 2) Individualize instruction so
children can learn at their own level of readiness. 3) Design classrooms as learning
centers with clearly stocked materials.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-10b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.10ExplainhowPiaget’stheoryofstagebasedhuman
development changed elementary schools and teaching.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
34. WhatisthebasisforFriedrichFroebel’sphilosophyofearlychildhoodeducation?
ANSWER: Inherent spirituality is at the core of human nature. Every child possesses an innate
interior spiritual essence, a power, striving to be externalized. People share a common
need to bring their culture forward.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-5 Froebel: The Kindergarten Movement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.05DescribeFroebel’skindergartenasaliberatingmovementin
early childhood education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
35. Describe the three major areas of the Montessori curriculum.
ANSWER: 1) Practical life: setting the table, serving meals, washing dishes, tying, buttoning
clothes. 2) Sensorial: utilizing their five senses to create their own understanding of the
world. 3) Formal: more traditional educational; understanding being transferred to the
written word.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 4-9b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.09DiscusshowMontessori’strainingandbackground
contributed to her design of the prepared learning environment.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
36. What were the stages of growth that Rousseau identified and what is the significance of these stages to educators?
ANSWER: The stages were infancy, childhood, boyhood, adolescence, and youth. Rousseau stated
that each stage required an appropriate education to stimulate further development and
growth. Particular topics and activities were proposed for each stage. The content and
activitiesmightbeintegratedintotheK–12curriculumonthebasisofthe
developmental stage of the child.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
REFERENCES: 4-2a Principles of Teaching and Learning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.02DiscussRousseau’sproposalfornaturaleducationinEmile
as a challenge to traditional views about knowledge, education, teachers, and children.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
37. Why did Froebel consider the teacher’s behavior so important in working with young children?
ANSWER: He thought the teacher should have the responsibility of being sensitive to children’s
needs because they would carry the impression of their teacher throughout their
lives. By modeling positive behaviors, teachers would give children the knowledge and
skills they need in life.
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: 4-5b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.05DescribeFroebel’skindergartenasaliberatingmovementin
early childhood education.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Applying
38. Why was Dewey considered an advocate of democratic schooling?
ANSWER: He wanted schools to be liberating environments that were a means of bringing
children together in social participation where they could test their ideas and values in a
democratic setting. This would prepare them to live as adults in a true democratic
society that embraced all citizens.
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: 4-7b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.07AssessDewey’suseofthescientificmethodinnproblem
solving as a method of instruction.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyzing
39. What role in education does Paulo Freire propose for teachers?
ANSWER: Freire believes that teachers should be committed to social, political, and economic
issues. They should have a critical consciousness of the power relationships in schools
and of the conditions that affect their students. By understanding the true reality of
their school situations, teachers can resist the oppressive conditions and help empower
their students to work for social justice and to improve their communities.
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: 4-11b Education and Schooling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.04.11AppraiseFreire’sliberationpedagogyasachallengetothe
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyzing