Chapter 3: Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes
This chapter has a lot of definitions. They are important, but we don’t like to make students memorize too
many of them early in the course. We let our students use a formula sheet that includes the key definitions.
Note that there is an overlap between the T/F and multiple-choice questions, as some of the T/F
statements
are used in multiple-choice questions.
Multiple Choice: True/False
1.
The annual report contains four basic financial statements: the income statement, the balance sheet, the cash
flow
statement, and statement of stockholders’ equity.
a.
True
b.
False
2.
The primary reason the annual report is important in finance is that it is used by investors when they form
expectations about the firm’s future earnings and dividends, and the riskiness of those cash flows.
a.
True
b.
False
3.
Companies typically provide four basic financial statements: the fixed income statement, the current income
statement, the balance sheet, and the cash flow statement.
a.
True
b.
False
4.
On the balance sheet, total assets must always equal the sum of total liabilities and equity.
a.
True
b.
False
5.
Assets other than cash are expected to produce cash over time, but the amount of cash they eventually
produce
could be higher or lower than the amounts at which the assets are carried on the books.
a.
True
b.
False
6.
The amount shown on the December 31, 2013, balance sheet as “retained earnings” is equal to the firm’s net
income for 2013 minus any dividends it paid.
a.
True
b.
False
7.
The income statement shows the difference between a firm’s income and its costs—i.e., its profits—during a
specified period of time. However, not all reported income comes in the form of cash, and reported costs
likewise
may not be consistent with cash outlays. Therefore, there may be a substantial difference between a
firm’s
reported profits and its actual cash flow for the same period.
a.
True
b.
False
8.
If we were describing the income statement and the balance sheet, it would be correct to say that the income
statement is more like a video while the balance sheet is more like a snapshot.
a.
True
b.
False
9.
EBIT stands for earnings before interest and taxes, and it is often called “operating income.”
a.
True
b.
False
10.
EBITDA stands for earnings before interest, taxes, debt, and assets.
a.
True
b.
False
11.
Consider the following balance sheet, for Games Inc. Because Games has $800,000 of retained earnings, we
know
that the company would be able to pay cash to buy an asset with a cost of $200,000.
Cash
$ 50,000
Accounts payable
$ 100,000
Inventory
200,000
Accruals
100,000
Accounts receivable
250,000
Total CL
$ 200,000
Total CA
$ 500,000
Long-term debt
200,000
Net fixed assets
$ 900,000
Common stock
200,000
Retained earnings
800,000
Total assets
$1,400,000
Total L & E
$1,400,000
a.
True
b.
False
12.
Typically, the statement of stockholders’ equity starts with total stockholders’ equity at the beginning of the
year,
adds net income, subtracts dividends paid, and ends up with total stockholders’ equity at the end of the
year. Over
time, a profitable company will have earnings in excess of the dividends it pays out, and will result
in a substantial
amount of retained earnings shown on the balance sheet.
a.
True
b.
False
13.
Free cash flow (FCF) is, essentially, the cash flow that is available for interest and dividends after the
company has
made the investments in current and fixed assets that are necessary to sustain ongoing
operations.
a.
True
b.
False
14.
The value of any asset is the present value of the cash flows the asset is expected to provide. The cash flows a
business is able to provide to its investors is its free cash flow. This is the reason that FCF is so important in
finance.
a.
True
b.
False
15.
If a firm is reporting its income in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, then its net
income as
reported on the income statement should be equal to its free cash flow.
a.
True
b.
False
16.
The fact that 70% of the interest income received by corporations is excluded from its taxable income
encourages
firms to finance with more debt than they would in the absence of this tax law provision.
a.
True
b.
False
17.
Both interest and dividends paid by a corporation are deductible operating expenses, hence they decrease the
firm’s
taxes.
a.
True
b.
False
18.
The balance sheet measures the flow of funds into and out of various accounts over time, while the income
statement measures the firm’s financial position at a point in time.
a. True
b. False
19.
Assume that two firms are both following generally accepted accounting principles. Both firms commenced
operations two years ago with $1 million of identical fixed assets, and neither firm sold any of those assets or
purchased any new fixed assets. The two firms would be required to report the same amount of net fixed
assets on
their balance sheets as those statements are presented to investors.
a. True
b. False
20.
Net operating working capital is equal to current assets minus the difference between current liabilities and
notes
payable. This definition assumes that the firm has no “excess” cash.
a. True
b. False
21.
The next-to-last line on the income statement shows the firm’s earnings, while the last line shows the
dividends the
company paid. Therefore, the dividends are frequently called “the bottom line.”
a. True
b. False
22.
The statement of cash flows has four main sections, one each for operating, investing, and financing activities,
and
one that shows a summary of the cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year.
a. True
b. False
23.
An increase in accounts payable represents an increase in net cash provided by operating activities just like
borrowing money from a bank. An increase in accounts payable has an effect similar to taking out a new bank
loan. However, these two items show up in different sections of the statement of cash flows to reflect the
difference between operating and financing activities.
a. True
b. False
24.
An increase in accounts receivable represents an increase in net cash provided by operating activities because
receivables will produce cash when they are collected.
a. True
b. False
25.
The first major section of a typical statement of cash flows is “Operating Activities,” and the first entry in this
section is “Net Income.” Then, also in the first section, we show some items that represent increases or
decreases
to cash, and the last entry is called “Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities.” This number can
be either positive
or negative, but if it is negative, the firm is almost certain to soon go bankrupt.
a. True
b. False
26.
To estimate the cash flow from operations, depreciation must be added back to net income because it is a non–
cash
charge that has been deducted from revenue in the net income calculation.
a. True
b. False
27.
Two metrics that are used to measure a company’s financial performance are net income and cash flow.
Accountants emphasize net income as calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Finance people generally put at least as much weight on cash flows as they do on net income.
a. True
b. False
28.
Its retained earnings is the actual cash that the firm has generated through operations less the cash that has
been
paid out to stockholders as dividends. If the firm has sufficient retained earnings, it can purchase assets
and pay for
them with cash from retained earnings.
a. True
b. False
29.
The retained earnings account on the balance sheet does not represent cash. Rather, it represents part of the
stockholders’ claims against the firm’s existing assets. Put another way retained earnings are stockholders’
reinvested earnings.
a. True
b. False
30.
In finance, we are generally more interested in cash flows than in accounting profits. Free cash flow (FCF) is
calculated as after-tax operating income plus depreciation less the sum of capital expenditures and changes in
net
operating working capital.
a. True
b. False
31.
Free cash flow is the amount of cash that if withdrawn would harm the firm’s ability to operate and to
produce
future cash flows.
a. True
b. False
32.
If the tax laws were changed so that $0.50 out of every $1.00 of interest paid by a corporation was allowed as
a
tax-deductible expense, this would probably encourage companies to use more debt financing than they
presently
do, other things held constant.
a. True
b. False
33.
Interest paid by a corporation is a tax deduction for the paying corporation, but dividends paid are not
deductible.
This treatment, other things held constant, tends to encourage the use of debt financing by
corporations.
a. True
b. False
34.
Because the U.S. tax system is a progressive tax system, a taxpayer’s marginal and average tax rates are the
same.
a. True
b. False
35.
The alternative minimum tax (AMT) was created by Congress to make it more difficult for wealthy
individuals to
avoid paying taxes through the use of various deductions.
a. True
b. False
36.
The time dimension is important in financial statement analysis. The balance sheet shows the firm’s financial
position at a given point in time, the income statement shows results over a period of time, and the statement
of
cash flows reflects specific changes in accounts over that period of time.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 3: Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes
Multiple Choice: Conceptual
Please note that some of the answer choices, or answers that are very close, are used in different questions.
This has caused us no difficulties, but please take this into account when you make up exams.
37.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The four most important financial statements provided in the annual report are the balance sheet, income
statement, cash budget, and the statement of stockholders’ equity.
b. The balance sheet gives us a picture of the firm’s financial position at a point in time.
c. The income statement gives us a picture of the firm’s financial position at a point in time.
d. The statement of cash flows tells us how much cash the firm must pay out in interest during the year.
e. The statement of cash needs tells us how much cash the firm will require during some future period,
generally a month or a year.
38.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Assets other than cash are expected to produce cash over time, and the amounts of cash they eventually
produce should be exactly the same as the amounts at which the assets are carried on the books.
b. The primary reason the annual report is important in finance is that it is used by investors when they form
expectations about the firm’s future earnings and dividends, and the riskiness of those cash flows.
c. The annual report is an internal document prepared by a firm’s managers solely for the use of its
creditors/lenders.
d. The four most important financial statements provided in the annual report are the balance sheet, income
statement, cash budget, and statement of stockholders’ equity.
e. Prior to the Enron scandal in the early 2000s, companies would put verbal information in their annual
reports, along with the financial statements. That verbal information was often misleading, so today annual
reports can contain only quantitative information: audited financial statements.
39.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The balance sheet for a given year is designed to give us an idea of what happened to the firm during that
year.
b. The balance sheet for a given year tells us how much money the company earned during that year.
c. The difference between the total assets reported on the balance sheet and the liabilities reported on this
statement tells us the current market value of the stockholders’ equity, assuming the statements are
prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
d. If a company’s statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP), the market value of the stock equals the book value of the stock as reported on the balance sheet.
e. The assets section of a typical company’s balance sheet begins with cash, then lists the assets in the order
in which they will probably be converted to cash, with the longest lived assets listed last.
40.
Other things held constant, which of the following actions would increase the amount of cash on a company’s
balance sheet?
a. The company repurchases common stock.
b. The company pays a dividend.
c. The company issues new common stock.
d. The company gives customers more time to pay their bills.
e. The company purchases a new piece of equipment.
41.
Which of the following items is NOT normally considered to be a current asset?
a. Accounts receivable.
b. Inventory.
c. Bonds.
d. Cash.
e. Short-term, highly-liquid, marketable securities.
42.
Which of the following items cannot be found on a firm’s balance sheet under current liabilities?
a. Accounts payable.
b. Short-term notes payable to the bank.
c. Accrued wages.
d. Cost of goods sold.
e. Accrued payroll taxes.
43.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The focal point of the income statement is the cash account, because that account cannot be manipulated
by
“accounting tricks.”
b. The reported income of two otherwise identical firms cannot be manipulated by different accounting
procedures provided the firms follow generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
c. The reported income of two otherwise identical firms must be identical if the firms are publicly owned,
provided they follow procedures that are permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
d. If a firm follows generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), then its reported net income will be
identical to its reported cash flow.
e. The income statement for a given year is designed to give us an idea of how much the firm earned during
that year.
44.
Below are the 2012 and 2013 year-end balance sheets for Tran Enterprises:
Assets:
2012
Cash
$ 170,000
Accounts receivable
700,000
Inventories
1,400,000
Total current assets
$2,270,000
Net fixed assets
5,600,000
Total assets
$7,870,000
Liabilities and equity:
Accounts payable
$1,090,000
Notes payable to bank
1,800,000
Total current liabilities
$2,890,000
Long-term debt
2,400,000
Common stock
2,000,000
Retained earnings
580,000
Total common equity
$2,580,000
Total liabilities and equity
$7,870,000
The firm has never paid a dividend on its common stock, and it issued $2,400,000 of 10-year, non-callable,
long-term
debt in 2012. As of the end of 2013, none of the principal on this debt had been repaid. Assume that
the company’s
sales in 2012 and 2013 were the same. Which of the following statements must be
CORRECT?
a. The firm increased its short-term bank debt in 2013.
b. The firm issued long-term debt in 2013.
c. The firm issued new common stock in 2013.
d. The firm repurchased some common stock in 2013.
e. The firm had negative net income in 2013.
45.
On its 12/31/13 balance sheet, Barnes Inc showed $510 million of retained earnings, and exactly that same
amount
was shown the following year. Assuming that no earnings restatements were issued, which of the
following
statements is CORRECT?
a. If the company lost money in 2013, it must have paid dividends.
b. The company must have had zero net income in 2013.
c. The company must have paid out half of its 2013 earnings as dividends.
d. The company must have paid no dividends in 2013.
e. Dividends could have been paid in 2013, but they would have had to equal the earnings for the year.
46.
Below is the common equity section (in millions) of Timeless Technology’s last two year-end balance sheets:
2013
2012
Common stock
$2,000
$1,000
Retained earnings
2,000
2,340
Total common equity
$4,000
$3,340
The firm has never paid a dividend to its common stockholders. Which of the following statements is
CORRECT?
a. The company’s net income in 2013 was higher than in 2012.
b. The firm issued common stock in 2013.
c. The market price of the firm’s stock doubled in 2013.
d. The firm had positive net income in both 2012 and 2013, but its net income in 2013 was lower than it was
in 2012.
e. The company has more equity than debt on its balance sheet.
47.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Typically, a firm’s DPS should exceed its EPS.
b. Typically, a firm’s net income should exceed its EBIT.
c. If a firm is more profitable than average, we would normally expect to see its stock price exceed its book
value per share.
d. If a firm is more profitable than most other firms, we would normally expect to see its book value per share
exceed its stock price, especially after several years of high inflation.
e. The more depreciation a firm has in a given year, the higher its EPS, other things held constant.
48.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The more depreciation a firm reports, the higher its tax bill, other things held constant.
b. People sometimes talk about the firm’s cash flow, which is shown as the lowest entry on the income
statement, hence it is often called “the bottom line.”
c. Depreciation reduces a firm’s cash balance, so an increase in depreciation would normally lead to a
reduction in the firm’s cash flow.
d. Operating income is derived from the firm’s regular core business. Operating income is calculated as
Revenues less Operating costs. Operating costs do not include interest or taxes.
e. Depreciation is not a cash charge, so it does not have an effect on a firm’s reported profits.
49.
Which of the following factors could explain why Michigan Energy’s cash balance increased even though it
had a
negative cash flow last year?
a. The company sold a new issue of bonds.
b. The company made a large investment in new plant and equipment.
c. The company paid a large dividend.
d. The company had high depreciation expenses.
e. The company repurchased 20% of its common stock.
50.
Analysts who follow Howe Industries recently noted that, relative to the previous year, the company’s net
cash
provided from operations increased, yet cash as reported on the balance sheet decreased. Which of the
following
factors could explain this situation?
a. The company cut its dividend.
b. The company made large investments in fixed assets.
c. The company sold a division and received cash in return.
d. The company issued new common stock.
e. The company issued new long-term debt.
51.
Austin Financial recently announced that its net income increased sharply from the previous year, yet its net
cash
provided from operations declined. Which of the following could explain this performance?
a. The company’s dividend payment to common stockholders declined.
b. The company’s expenditures on fixed assets declined.
c. The company’s cost of goods sold increased.
d. The company’s depreciation expense declined.
e. The company’s interest expense increased.
52.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The statement of cash flows reflects cash flows from operations, but it does not reflect the effects of
buying or selling fixed assets.
b. The statement of cash flows shows where the firm’s cash is located; indeed, it provides a listing of all
banks and brokerage houses where cash is on deposit.
c. The statement of cash flows reflects cash flows from continuing operations, but it does not reflect the
effects of changes in working capital.
d. The statement of cash flows reflects cash flows from operations and from borrowings, but it does not
reflect cash obtained by selling new common stock.
e. The statement of cash flows shows how much the firm’s cash, the total of currency, bank deposits, and
short-term liquid securities (or cash equivalents), increased or decreased during a given year.
53.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. In the statement of cash flows, a decrease in accounts receivable is subtracted from net income in the
operating activities section.
b. Dividends do not show up in the statement of cash flows because dividends are considered to be a
financing activity, not an operating activity.
c. In the statement of cash flows, a decrease in accounts payable is subtracted from net income in the
operating activities section.
d. In the statement of cash flows, depreciation is subtracted from net income in the operating activities
section.
e. In the statement of cash flows, a decrease in inventories is subtracted from net income in the operating
activities section.
54.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Most rapidly growing companies have positive free cash flows because cash flows from existing
operations generally exceed fixed asset purchases and changes to net operating working capital.
b. Changes in working capital have no effect on free cash flow.
c. Free cash flow (FCF) is defined as follows:
FCF = EBIT(1 − T) + Depreciation
− Capital expenditures required to sustain operations
− Required changes in net operating working capital.
d. Free cash flow (FCF) is defined as follows:
e. FCF = EBIT(1 − T) + Capital expenditures.
f. Managers should be less concerned with free cash flow than with accounting net income. Accounting net
income
“bottom line” and represents how much the firm can distribute to all its investors, both creditors
and stockholders.
55.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. MVA stands for market value added, and it is defined as follows:
MVA = (Shares outstanding)(Stock price) + Book value of common equity.
b. The primary difference between EVA and accounting net income is that when net income is calculated, a
deduction is made to account for the cost of common equity, whereas EVA represents net income before
deducting the cost of the equity capital the firm uses.
c. MVA gives us an idea about how much value a firm’s management has added during the last year.
d. EVA gives us an idea about how much value a firm’s management has added over the firm’s life.
e. EVA stands for economic value added, and it is defined as follows:
EVA = NOPAT − (Total invested capital)(AT cost of capital %)
56.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Actions that increase reported net income will always increase cash flow.
b. One way to increase EVA is to generate the same level of operating income but with less total invested
capital.
c. One drawback of EVA as a performance measure is that it mistakenly assumes that equity capital is free.
d. One way to increase EVA is to achieve the same level of operating income but with more total invested
capital obtained at a higher cost of capital.
e. If a firm reports positive net income, its EVA must also be positive.
57.
Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Corporations are allowed to exclude 70% of their interest income from corporate taxes.
b. Corporations are allowed to exclude 70% of their dividend income from corporate taxes.
c. Individuals pay taxes on only 30% of the income realized from municipal bonds.
d. Individuals are allowed to exclude 70% of their interest income from their taxes.
e. Individuals are allowed to exclude 70% of their dividend income from their taxes.
58.
A loss incurred by a corporation
a. Must be carried forward unless the company has had 2 loss years in a row.
b. Can be carried back 2 years, then carried forward up to 20 years following the loss.
c. Can be carried back 5 years and forward 3 years.
d. Cannot be used to reduce taxes in other years except with special permission from the IRS.
e. Can be carried back 3 years or forward 10 years, whichever is more advantageous to the firm.
59.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Since companies can deduct dividends paid but not interest paid, our tax system favors the use of equity
financing over debt financing, and this causes companies’ debt ratios to be lower than they would be if
interest and dividends were both deductible.
b. Interest paid to an individual is counted as income for federal tax purposes and taxed at the individual’s
regular tax rate, which in 2013 could go up to 39.6%, but qualified dividends received were taxed at a
maximum tax rate of 15% for individuals earning less than $400,000 and married taxpayers filing jointly
earning less than $450,000.
c. The maximum federal tax rate on corporate income in 2013 was 50%.
d. Corporations obtain capital for use in their operations by borrowing and by raising equity capital, either by
selling new common stock or by retaining earnings. The cost of debt capital is the interest paid on the debt,
and the cost of the equity is the dividends paid on the stock. Both of these costs are deductible from
income when calculating income for tax purposes.
e. The maximum federal tax rate on personal income in 2013 was 50%.
60.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The income of certain small corporations that qualify under the Tax Code is completely exempt from
corporate income taxes. Thus, the federal government receives no tax revenue from these businesses, even
though they report high accounting profits.
b. All businesses, regardless of their legal form of organization, are taxed under the Business Tax Provisions
of the Internal Revenue Code.
c. Small corporations that qualify under the Tax Code can elect not to pay corporate taxes, but then each
stockholder must report his or her pro rata shares of the firm’s income as personal income and pay taxes on
that income.
d. Congress recently changed the tax laws to make dividend income received by individuals exempt from
income taxes. Prior to the enactment of that law, corporate income was subject to double taxation, where
the firm was first taxed on the corporation’s income and stockholders were taxed again on this income
when it was paid to them as dividends.
e. All corporations other than non-profits are subject to corporate income taxes, which are 15% for the lowest
amounts of income and 38% for the highest income amounts.
61.
Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Retained earnings, as reported on the balance sheet, represents the amount of cash a company has available
to pay out as dividends to shareholders.
b. 70% of the interest received by corporations is excluded from taxable income.
c. 70% of the dividends received by corporations is excluded from taxable income.
d. Because taxes on long-term capital gains are not paid until the gain is realized, investors must pay the top
individual tax rate on that gain.
e. The corporate tax system favors equity financing, as dividends paid are deductible from corporate taxes.
62.
Last year, Delip Industries had (1) negative cash flow from operations, (2) a negative free cash flow, and (3)
an
increase in cash as reported on its balance sheet. Which of the following factors could explain this
situation?
a. The company had a sharp increase in its inventories.
b. The company had a sharp increase in its accrued liabilities.
c. The company sold a new issue of common stock.
d. The company made a large capital investment early in the year.
e. The company had a sharp increase in depreciation expenses.
63.
Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the year after Congress, in an effort to increase tax
revenue, passed legislation that forced companies to depreciate equipment over longer lives? Assume that
sales,
other operating costs, and tax rates are not affected, and assume that the same depreciation method is
used for tax
and stockholder reporting purposes.
a. Companies’ after-tax operating profits would decline.
b. Companies’ physical stocks of fixed assets would increase.
c. Companies’ cash flows would increase.
d. Companies’ cash positions would decline.
e. Companies’ reported net incomes would decline.
64.
Assume that Congress recently passed a provision that will enable Bev’s Beverages Inc. (BBI) to double its
depreciation expense for the upcoming year but will have no effect on its sales revenue or the tax rate. Prior to
the
new provision, BBI’s net income was forecasted to be $4 million. Which of the following best describes
the impact
of the new provision on BBI’s financial statements versus the statements without the provision?
Assume that the
company uses the same depreciation method for tax and stockholder reporting purposes.
a. The provision will reduce the company’s cash flow.
b. The provision will increase the company’s tax payments.
c. The provision will increase the firm’s operating income (EBIT).
d. The provision will increase the company’s net income.
e. Net fixed assets on the balance sheet will decrease.
65.
The Nantell Corporation just purchased an expensive piece of equipment. Assume that the firm planned to
depreciate the equipment over 5 years on a straight-line basis, but Congress then passed a provision that
requires
the company to depreciate the equipment on a straight-line basis over 7 years. Other things held
constant, which of
the following will occur as a result of this Congressional action? Assume that the company
uses the same
depreciation method for tax and stockholder reporting purposes.
a. Nantell’s taxable income will be lower.
b. Nantell’s operating income (EBIT) will increase.
c. Nantell’s cash position will improve (increase).
d. Nantell’s reported net income for the year will be lower.
e. Nantell’s tax liability for the year will be lower.
66.
Assume that Besley Golf Equipment commenced operations on January 1, 2013, and it was granted
permission to
use the same depreciation calculations for shareholder reporting and income tax purposes. The
company planned to
depreciate its fixed assets over 15 years, but in December 2013 management realized that
the assets would last for
only 10 years. The firm’s accountants plan to report the 2013 financial statements
based on this new information.
How would the new depreciation assumption affect the company’s financial
statements?
a. The firm’s reported net fixed assets would increase.
b. The firm’s EBIT would increase.
c. The firm’s reported 2013 earnings per share would increase.
d. The firm’s cash position in 2013 and 2014 would increase.
e. The provision will increase the company’s tax payments.
67.
A start-up firm is making an initial investment in new plant and equipment. Assume that currently its
equipment
must be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 10 years, but Congress is considering legislation
that would require
the firm to depreciate the equipment over 7 years. If the legislation becomes law, which of
the following would
occur in the year following the change?
a. The firm’s operating income (EBIT) would increase.
b. The firm’s taxable income would increase.
c. The firm’s cash flow would increase.
d. The firm’s tax payments would increase.
e. The firm’s reported net income would increase.
68.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Dividends paid reduce the net income that is reported on a company’s income statement.
b. If a company uses some of its bank deposits to buy short-term, highly liquid marketable securities, this will
cause a decline in its current assets as shown on the balance sheet.
c. If a company issues new long-term bonds to purchase fixed assets during the current year, this will
increase both its reported current assets and current liabilities at the end of the year.
d. Accounts receivable are reported as a current liability on the balance sheet.
e. If a company pays more in dividends than it generates in net income, its retained earnings as reported on
the balance sheet will decline from the previous year’s balance.
69.
For managerial purposes, i.e., making decisions regarding the firm’s operations, the standard financial
statements as
prepared by accountants under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are often
modified and used to
create alternative data and metrics that provide a somewhat different picture of a firm’s
operations. Related to
these modifications, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The standard statements make adjustments to reflect the effects of inflation on asset values, and these
adjustments are normally carried into any adjustment that managers make to the standard statements.
b. The standard statements focus on accounting income for the entire corporation, not cash flows, and the two
can be quite different during any given accounting period. However, the firm’s value is based on its future
cash flows. After all, future cash flows tells us how much the firm can distribute to its investors.
c. The standard statements provide useful information on the firm’s individual operating units, but
management needs more information on the firm’s overall operations than the standard statements provide.
d. The standard statements focus on cash flows, but managers should be less concerned with cash flows than
with accounting income as defined by GAAP.
e. The best feature of standard statements is that, if they are prepared under GAAP, the data are always
consistent from firm to firm. Thus, under GAAP, there is no room for accountants to “adjust” the results to
make earnings look better.
70.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Since depreciation increases the firm’s net cash provided by operating activities, the more depreciation a
company has, the larger its retained earnings will be, other things held constant.
b. A firm can show a large amount of retained earnings on its balance sheet yet need to borrow cash to make
required payments.
c. Common equity includes common stock and retained earnings, less accumulated depreciation.
d. The retained earnings account as reported on the balance sheet shows the amount of cash that is available
for paying dividends.
e. If a firm reports a loss on its income statement, then the retained earnings account as shown on the balance
sheet will be negative.
71.
Last year Besset Company’s operations provided a negative cash flow, yet the cash shown on its balance
sheet
increased. Which of the following statements could explain the increase in cash, assuming the
company’s financial
statements were prepared under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)?
a. The company repurchased some of its common stock.
b. The company dramatically increased its capital expenditures.
c. The company retired a large amount of its long-term debt.
d. The company sold some of its fixed assets.
e. The company had high depreciation expenses.
72.
The CFO of Daves Industries plans to have the company issue $300 million of new common stock and use the
proceeds to pay off some of its outstanding bonds that carry a 7% interest rate. Assume that the company,
which
does not pay any dividends, takes this action, and that total assets, operating income (EBIT), and its tax
rate all
remain constant. Which of the following would occur?
a. The company’s taxable income would fall.
b. The company’s interest expense would remain constant.
c. The company would have less common equity than before.
d. The company’s net income would increase.
e. The company would have to pay less taxes.
73.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Assume that two firms are both following generally accepted accounting principles. Both firms
commenced operations two years ago with $1 million of identical fixed assets, and neither firm either sold
any of those assets or purchased any new fixed assets. The two firms would be required to report the same
amount of net fixed assets on their balance sheets as those statements are presented to investors.
b. Assets other than cash are expected to produce cash over time, and the amount of cash they eventually
produce must be the same as the amounts at which the assets are carried on the books.
c. The income statement shows the difference between a firm’s income and its costs (i.e., its profits) during a
specified period of time. However, all reported income comes in the form of cash, and reported costs
likewise are consistent with cash outlays. Therefore, there will not be a substantial difference between a
firm’s reported profits and its actual cash flow for the same period.
d. The primary reason the annual report is important in finance is that it is used by investors when they form
expectations about the firm’s future earnings and dividends, and the riskiness of those cash flows.
e. EPS stands for earnings per share, while DPS stands for dividends per share. We would normally expect to
see DPS exceed EPS.
74.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. An increase in accounts receivable is added to net income in the operating activities section because if
accounts receivable increase, then when they are collected cash will come into the firm.
b. In finance, we are generally more interested in cash flows than in accounting profits. Free cash flow (FCF)
is calculated as after-tax operating income plus depreciation less the sum of capital expenditures and the
change in net operating working capital. Free cash flow is the amount of cash that could be withdrawn
without harming the firm’s ability to operate and to produce future cash flows.
c. The first major section of a typical statement of cash flows is “Operating Activities,” and the first entry in
this section is “Net Income.” Then, also in the first section, we show some items that add to or subtract
from cash, and the last entry is called “Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities.” This number can be
either positive or negative, but if it is negative, the firm is almost certain to soon go bankrupt.
d. The next-to-last line on the income statement shows the firm’s earnings, while the last line shows
the dividends the company paid. Therefore, the dividends are frequently called “the bottom line.”
e. Most rapidly growing companies have positive free cash flows because cash flows from existing
operations will exceed fixed assets and working capital needed to support the growth.
75.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Free cash flow (FCF) is, essentially, the cash flow that is available for interest and dividends after the
company has made the investments in current and fixed assets that are necessary to sustain ongoing
operations.
b. After-tax operating income is calculated as EBIT(1 − T) + Depreciation.
c. Two firms with identical sales and operating costs but with different amounts of debt and tax rates will
have different operating incomes by definition.
d. If a firm is reporting its income in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, then its net
income as reported on the income statement should be equal to its free cash flow.
e. Retained earnings as reported on the balance sheet represent cash and, therefore, are available to distribute
to stockholders as dividends or any other required cash payments to creditors and suppliers.
76.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. The current cash flow from existing assets is highly relevant to investors. However, since the value of the
firm depends primarily upon its growth opportunities, accounting net income projections from those
opportunities are the only relevant future flows with which investors are concerned.
b. Two metrics that are used to measure a company’s financial performance are net income and free cash
flow. Accountants tend to emphasize net income as calculated in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles. Finance people generally put at least as much weight on free cash flows as they do
on net income.
c. To estimate the net cash provided by operations, depreciation must be subtracted from net income because
it is a non-cash charge that has been added to revenue.
d. Interest paid by a corporation is a tax deduction for the paying corporation, but dividends paid are not
deductible. This treatment, other things held constant, tends to discourage the use of debt financing by
corporations.
e. If Congress changed depreciation allowances so that companies had to report higher depreciation levels for
tax purposes in 2013, this would lower their free cash flows for 2013.
Multiple Choice: Problems
A good bit of relatively simple arithmetic is involved in some of these problems, and although the
calculations are simple, it will take students some time to set up the problem and do the arithmetic. We
allow
for this when assigning problems for a timed test.
Also, students must use a number of definitions to answer some of the questions. To avoid excessive
memorization, we provide students with a list of formulas and definitions for use on exams. Problems with *
in the topic line are nonalgorithmic.
77.
Bauer Software’s current balance sheet shows total common equity of $5,125,000. The company has 530,000
shares of stock outstanding, and they sell at a price of $27.50 per share. By how much do the firm’s market
and
book values per share differ?
a. $17.83
b. $18.72
c. $19.66
d. $20.64
e. $21.67