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1. During the twentieth century, the U.S. farm sector experienced
a.
large increases in its ability to produce output.
b.
relatively little improvement in its ability to produce output.
c.
a marked decrease in its ability to produce output.
d.
relatively stable demand for its output.
e.
increasing relative prices for its output.
2. In 2000, farmers in the United States represented approximately what percentage of the population?
a.
8 percent
b.
25 percent
c.
1 percent
d.
5 percent
3. Increased productivity in the agricultural sector during much of the twentieth century shifted the
a.
demand curve for farm products rightward.
b.
supply curve of farm products leftward.
c.
demand curve for farm products leftward.
d.
supply curve of farm products rightward.
4. Increased productivity in the agricultural sector is not always a benefit to farmers because it is accompanied by
a.
lower prices and if demand is inelastic, lower prices mean lower revenues.
b.
higher prices and if demand is elastic, higher prices mean lower revenues.
c.
lower prices and if demand is elastic, lower prices mean lower revenues.
d.
higher prices and if demand is inelastic, higher prices mean lower revenues.
5. If the demand curve for agricultural products is inelastic and farmers as a group become more productive, then prices of
agricultural goods will __________ and total revenue earned by farmers will __________.
a.
decrease; increase
b.
decrease; decrease
c.
increase; increase
d.
increase; decrease
e.
We cannot answer this question without knowing how inelastic the demand curve is.
6. If the demand curve for agricultural products is elastic and farmers as a group become more productive, then prices of
agricultural goods will __________ and total revenue earned by farmers will __________.
a.
decrease; increase
b.
decrease; decrease
c.
increase; increase
d.
increase; decrease
e.
We cannot answer this question without knowing how elastic the demand curve is.
7. If the demand for a particular farm product is inelastic between price P1 and P2 (where P2 > P1), farmers as a group
would want to sell their product at the
a.
higher price, but an individual farmer would rather sell his product at the lower price.
b.
higher price, and an individual farmer would rather sell his product at the higher price, too.
c.
lower price, but an individual farmer would rather sell his product at the higher price.
d.
lower price, and an individual farmer would rather sell his product at the lower price, too.
8. If the demand curve for agricultural products is inelastic, then it would be in the best interest of farmers as a group to
a.
increase output and thereby receive greater revenues.
b.
cause the price of their product to decrease.
c.
find some way to decrease the quantities of output that are placed on the market for sale.
d.
petition the government to find a way to decrease the demand for their product.
e.
a and b
9. Suppose farmers get together and decide to be less productive. They want to do this so that they can shift the supply
curve of farm products leftward and raise the price. They must be assuming that the demand curve between the current
price and the higher price is
a.
inelastic.
b.
elastic.
c.
unit elastic.
d.
There is not enough information to answer this question.
10. Which of the following statements is true?
a.
Bad weather isn't always that bad for farmers' incomes.
b.
An individual farmer would probably increase his revenues if he experienced good weather and other farmers
experienced bad weather.
c.
Price elasticity of demand is a relevant factor to a farmer's income.
d.
a and b
e.
a, b, and c
11. Suppose farmers get together and decide to be less productive. They want to do this so that they can shift the supply
curve of farm products leftward and raise the price. What are the thoughts of a profit-maximizing farmer most likely to be
once this agreement has been made?
a.
If I break the agreement while everyone else holds to it, I can make myself better off.
b.
I am happy that we decided to be unproductive; I can't be unproductive by myself.
c.
I will definitely hold to the agreement.
d.
Everyone will break the agreement but me.
12. Studies show that as real income has been rising in the United States, the per-capita demand for food has been
increasing by
a.
much less, which means the demand for food is income inelastic.
b.
much more, which means the demand for food is income elastic.
c.
much more, which means the demand for food is income inelastic.
d.
as much, which means the demand for food is unit elastic.
e.
none of the above
13. Which of the following best describes the agricultural sector for much of the 20th century and today?
a.
high productivity, price elasticity of demand less than 1, income elasticity of demand greater than 1
b.
low productivity, price elasticity of demand greater than 1, income elasticity of demand less than 1
c.
high productivity, price elasticity of demand less than 1, income elasticity of demand less than 1
d.
low productivity, price elasticity of demand less than 1, income elasticity of demand greater than 1
14. Studies show that, in the United States,
a.
price elasticity of demand for agricultural products has hovered around 3.2 for many years.
b.
as real income has been increasing, the per-capita demand for food has been decreasing.
c.
as real income has been increasing, the per-capita demand for food has been increasing by much more.
d.
none of the above
15. If we assume that the income elasticity of demand for food has been around 0.2 and that agricultural producers have
become increasingly more productive, we can conclude that
a.
prices of food have increased.
b.
supply increases have been less than demand decreases.
c.
as consumers' real incomes have been increasing over the years, they have been spending absolutely less on
food.
d.
prices of food have been stable.
e.
none of the above
16. During much of the 20th century, agricultural product prices
a.
rose relative to other prices.
b.
fell relative to other prices.
c.
neither rose nor fell relative to other prices.
d.
rose as agricultural productivity increased.
17. Suppose the price elasticity of demand of for soy beans is 0.85. When the price of soybeans rises by 20 percent, the
quantity demanded of soybeans falls by approximately _____________ percent.
a.
0.024
b.
26.67
c.
23.53
d.
17.00
18. With a price elasticity of demand of 0.45, when the price of soybeans falls by 10 percent, the quantity demanded of
soybeans rises by approximately _____________ percent.
a.
4.50
b.
45.0
c.
0.45
d.
0.56
19. Suppose iceberg lettuce has an income elasticity of demand of 0.35. A 10 percent increase in income causes the
quantity demanded of iceberg lettuce to _______________ by ______________ percent.
a.
rise; 3.5
b.
rise; 28.57
c.
fall; 28.57
d.
fall; 3.5
20. Evidence seems to indicate that the demand for many agricultural products
a.
has increased much more than supply over the years.
b.
is relatively elastic.
c.
is relatively inelastic.
d.
is relatively income elastic.
e.
b and d
21. Which combination of factors would lead to large price and total revenue changes?
a.
inelastic demand for a product and large swings in supply
b.
elastic demand for a product and small swings in supply
c.
inelastic demand for a product and constant supply
d.
a and c
e.
none of the above
22. Which of the following combinations of factors comes closest to describing the situation in agriculture?
a.
elastic demand for agricultural products and large swings in supply
b.
elastic demand for agricultural products and small swings in supply
c.
inelastic demand for agricultural products and constant supply
d.
inelastic demand for agricultural products and large swings in supply
e.
none of the above
23. Why is bad weather sometimes good news for farmers?
a.
Bad weather shifts the supply curve of agricultural products leftward, driving up price and total revenue
(assuming demand is inelastic).
b.
Bad weather shifts the supply curve of agricultural products leftward, driving down price, and raising total
revenue (assuming demand is elastic).
c.
Bad weather increases the demand for and price of agricultural products.
d.
Bad weather increases both the demand for and supply of agricultural products.
24. If the demand for a particular agricultural product is highly elastic and bad weather causes the supply to decrease, then
we would expect the price of agricultural products to
a.
decrease and farmers' revenues to decrease.
b.
increase and the demand to decrease.
c.
increase while farmers' revenues decrease significantly.
d.
increase by a large percentage while farmers' revenues decrease only slightly.
25. In agriculture during much of the 20th century, supply grew more than demand. Which two farm problems are these?
a.
the high-productivity problem and the income elasticity problem
b.
the low-productivity problem and the income inelasticity problem
c.
the high-productivity problem and the income inelasticity problem
d.
the low-productivity problem and the income elasticity problem
e.
none of the above
26. If the government establishes a price floor for agricultural products, then
a.
consumers will pay a lower price for the products.
b.
consumers will increase the quantity that they are willing to consume.
c.
farmers will want to decrease their production.
d.
the government will need to purchase the resulting surplus.
e.
all of the above
27. Suppose the government decides that milk producers are not earning a high enough price for their milk to maintain an
adequate standard of living and that the solution to the problem is to guarantee the milk producers a minimum price. We
would expect that
a.
consumers will have to pay a higher price per gallon of milk and will not be able to consume as much as they
did before.
b.
the government will have to purchase the surplus milk on the market and then find a means of storing this
milk.
c.
the dairy farmers will enjoy a higher standard of living at the expense of taxpayers and consumers.
d.
all of the above
28. Under an acreage allotment program,
a.
the government sets a limit on the quantity of a product that a farmer is allowed to bring to market, which is
intended to cause farmers to cut back on the number of acres they cultivate.
b.
farmers are paid to take part of their land out of cultivation.
c.
farmers are given limits as to the number of acres that can be farmed.
d.
farmers are paid the difference between the market price of their product and a governmentally determined
price that would maintain an established price parity.
e.
the government establishes a minimum price that farmers will be paid for their product, which causes the
farmers to cut back on the number of acres planted.
29. Which of the following government agricultural policies is not aimed at restricting supply?
a.
price supports
b.
acreage allotments
c.
market quotas
d.
paying farmers not to produce
30. Which of the following is not an effect of an agricultural price support?
a.
a surplus
b.
fewer exchanges
c.
higher prices paid by consumers
d.
government purchase and storage of surplus
e.
higher-quality products
31. Which of the following increases the quantity supplied of agricultural goods?
a.
acreage allotments
b.
assigning market quotas
c.
agricultural price supports
d.
a, b, and c
32. Under a marketing quota system,
a.
the government sets a limit on the quantity of a product that a farmer is allowed to bring to market.
b.
farmers are paid to take part of their land out of cultivation.
c.
farmers are given limits as to the number of acres that can be used to produce a particular product.
d.
farmers are paid the difference between the market price of their product and a governmentally determined
price that would maintain an established price parity.
e.
the government establishes a minimum price that farmers will be paid for their product, which causes the
farmers to cut back on the number of acres planted.
33. Suppose 100 bushels of X are produced at a target price of $7 per bushel, but consumers will only buy 100 bushels at
$3 a bushel. What is the total deficiency payment to farmers?
a.
$400
b.
$600
c.
$300
d.
$100
34. If the government establishes a target price for particular agricultural products, then
a.
the government sets a limit on the quantity of a product that a farmer is allowed to bring to market.
b.
farmers are paid to take part of their land out of cultivation, the intent being to reduce supply and raise price to
the target level.
c.
farmers are given limits as to the number of acres that can be used to produce a particular product, the intent
being to reduce supply and raise price to the target level.
d.
farmers are paid the difference between the market price of their product and a government-determined price.
e.
the government establishes a minimum price that farmers will be paid for their product, which causes the
farmers to cut back on the number of acres planted in certain products, which, in turn, causes the price to rise
to the target level.
35. One unintended consequence of the various attempts to restrict farm acreage was that
a.
output generally decreased, price increased, and farmers earned higher incomes.
b.
individual farmers intensified their efforts to harvest crops from the land still under cultivation.
c.
farmers' incomes remained constant in real terms.
d.
the land that was set aside became less productive.
36. In the acreage allotment program, a farmer's acreage allotment is sometimes based on a farmer's
a.
history of production.
b.
income.
c.
location.
d.
b and c
e.
none of the above
37. Under the target price program,
a.
the government ends up buying the surplus product that results.
b.
taxpayers pay the difference between the price consumers pay and the target price.
c.
deficiency payments are made to both rich and poor farmers.
d.
the surplus that results is sometimes dumped or otherwise wasted.
e.
b and c
38. Refer to Exhibit 39-1. Given the target price PT, what is the quantity supplied?
a.
Q1
b.
Q2
c.
Q3
d.
Q3 - Q1
39. Refer to Exhibit 39-1. Given the target price of PT, the deficiency payment per unit is
a.
PT - P2.
b.
PT + P1.
c.
PT - P2.
d.
PT - P1.
40. Refer to Exhibit 39-1. Given the target price of PT, farmers will receive a total income equal to
a.
0PTBQ2.
b.
0P1CQ2.
c.
0PTAQ3.
d.
0P2EQ1.
41. Refer to Exhibit 39-1. Given the target price PT, the total deficiency payment made by the government is the area of
a.
0P1CQ2.
b.
0PTBQ2.
c.
PTBCP1.
d.
PTBEP2.
42. Refer to Exhibit 39-1. At a support price of PT, private sector spending on this good equals
a.
PT x Q3.
b.
PT x Q2.
c.
P1 x Q3.
d.
P1 x Q2.
43. Refer to Exhibit 39-1. At the support price of PT, how many units of the good must the government buy and store?
a.
Q1
b.
Q3
c.
Q1 - Q3
d.
Q2 - Q3
44. In general, agricultural price supports
a.
raise food prices.
b.
have no impact on food prices.
c.
are designed to lower food prices.
d.
c and d
45. Under the target price system,
a.
supply is restricted.
b.
consumers must pay the target price.
c.
payments are made to the government when the price paid by consumers rises above the target price.
d.
farmers are paid a deficiency payment if the market price for their goods is below the target price.
e.
a and c
46. Supply-restricting policies are intended to shift the
a.
supply curve to the left.
b.
supply curve to the right.
c.
demand curve to the left.
d.
demand curve to the right.
e.
b and d
47. Supply-restricting policies are intended to __________ prices and __________ farmers' revenues.
a.
lower; increase
b.
lower; reduce
c.
raise; increase
d.
raise; reduce
48. The effect of a drought on the price of an agricultural product will be greater the more __________ the demand for the
agricultural product.
a.
price inelastic
b.
price elastic
c.
income elastic
d.
a and c
e.
b and c
49. A decrease in the supply of an agricultural product will increase the total revenue of farmers if the demand for the
agricultural product is
a.
income elastic.
b.
income inelastic.
c.
price elastic.
d.
price inelastic.
e.
none of the above
50. Agricultural price supports refer to
a.
minimum prices set by the government on certain farm products.
b.
maximum prices set by the government on certain farm products.
c.
supply-restricting policies imposed by the government on certain farm products.
d.
b and c
e.
none of the above
Exhibit 39-2
51. Refer to Exhibit 39-2. If P1 is a price support, the quantity of wheat purchased by the market would be equal to
a.
Q2.
b.
Q0.
c.
Q1.
d.
Q2 - Q1.
e.
Q1 - Q0.
52. Refer to Exhibit 39-2. If P1 is a price support, the quantity of wheat purchased by the government would be equal to
a.
Q0 - Q1.
b.
Q2 - Q1.
c.
Q2 - Q0.
d.
Q2.
e.
Q1.
53. Refer to Exhibit 39-2. If P1 is a price support, the cost of the price support program to the government is
a.
P1 x Q2.
b.
P1 x (Q2 - Q0).
c.
P1 x (Q0 - Q1).
d.
P1 x (Q2 - Q1).
e.
none of the above
54. Refer to Exhibit 39-2. Given a target price of P1, what price does the consumer pay?
a.
P1.
b.
P0.
c.
P2.
d.
a price not shown on the diagram.
55. Refer to Exhibit 39-2. Given a target price of P1, what is the total deficiency payment made by the government?
a.
(P1 - P2) x Q2
b.
(P1 - P0) x Q2
c.
P1 x Q1
d.
P0 x Q0
56. The acreage allotment program involves
a.
no direct payments to farmers.
b.
direct payments to farmers.
c.
the government leasing land to farmers that is to be cultivated by the farmers.
d.
the government leasing land from farmers that is to be cultivated by the government.
e.
none of the above
57. Increased productivity in the agricultural sector has __________ the output and __________ the prices of agricultural
goods.
a.
increased; reduced
b.
increased; increased
c.
decreased; reduced
d.
decreased; increased
e.
had no impact on; had no impact on
58. A shift of the supply curve for farm products to the right in a price inelastic region of the demand curve for farm
products
a.
reduces price and total revenue.
b.
increases price and reduces total revenue.
c.
reduces price and increases total revenue.
d.
increases prices and total revenue.
59. Increased productivity in the agricultural sector in conjunction with an inelastic demand curve for agricultural goods
has caused a(n) __________ in output, a(n) __________ in price, and __________ revenues for farmers.
a.
increase; decrease; higher
b.
increase; decrease; lower
c.
decrease; increase; higher
d.
decrease; increase; lower
e.
increase; increase; higher
60. An increase in productivity in the agricultural sector when the demand curve is inelastic results in __________ prices
for consumers and __________ revenues for farmers
a.
higher; lower
b.
higher; higher
c.
lower; lower
d.
lower; higher
e.
no change in; no change in
61. An increase in productivity in the agricultural sector in conjunction with an income inelastic demand for farm products
a.
causes prices to fall.
b.
causes prices to rise.
c.
causes prices to remain constant.
d.
may cause prices to rise, fall, or remain the same, depending upon the relative shifts in the supply and demand
curves.
62. Suppose that both the demand for and supply of agricultural products increases. If the increase in the supply of
agricultural products is greater than the increase in demand, prices of agricultural products
a.
increase.
b.
decrease.
c.
remain the same.
d.
may increase, decrease, or remain the same.
63. The demand for farm goods is income inelastic if the percentage change in quantity demanded is __________ the
percentage change in __________.
a.
greater than; income
b.
equal to; income
c.
less than; income
d.
greater than; revenue
e.
less than; revenue
64. If the demand for agricultural products is price inelastic and the supply is dependent upon weather conditions, then
a.
price changes are likely to be small, and farm revenues are likely to be highly volatile.
b.
price changes are likely to be large, and farm revenues are likely to be highly volatile.
c.
prices are likely to be constant, and farm revenues are likely to be constant.
d.
prices are likely to be constant, and farm revenues are likely to be highly volatile.
e.
price changes are likely to be small, and farm revenues are likely to be constant.
65. A government agricultural policy in which a mandated minimum price is set is the
a.
marketing quota system.
b.
acreage allotment program.
c.
price support program.
d.
target price system.
e.
paying farmers not to produce system.
66. A government agricultural policy that restricts output by limiting the number of farm acres that can be used to produce
a particular crop is the
a.
marketing quota system.
b.
acreage allotment program.
c.
price support program.
d.
target price system.
e.
paying farmers not to produce system.
