1. Many educators believe that increasing teachers’ autonomy in deciding about spheres of work will enhance the
status of the teaching profession. A number of the issues and trends discussed in Chapter 2 have implications for
teacher empowerment. Choose three of the topics covered in the chapter, and discuss how and why each can help
enhance teachers’ status.
ANSWER: Answers should focus on the extent to which the issues and trends are resulting in a
greater voice for teachers in matters of their profession. This could take the form of
more influence on standards for teacher preparation and certification, a greater role in
mediated entry, or an enhanced decision-making role in the operations of local schools
and school districts. Regardless of the sphere of influence discussed, answers should
reflect an understanding that gaining a greater say in educational matters provides
teachers with a more professional role and helps education become more similar to
professions such as law and medicine.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
REFERENCES: 2-1c Autonomy in Determining Spheres of Work
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
2. Research suggests that the attrition rate for beginning teachers is one of the most significant contributors to the
shortageofteachersintheUnitedStates.Noviceteacherswholeavetheprofessionreportthatthe“trauma”
associated with the beginning year of teaching is the major factor in their decision to leave. With this in mind,
describehowtheconceptof“mediatedentry”addressestheconcernsexpressedbynewteachers.
ANSWER: Answers should focus on mediated entry as a systematic program of assistance for
new teachers. Several aspects of mediated entry are explored in the chapter:
professional development schools serve as an induction into the profession; some
districts are matching probationary teachers with experienced teachers who provide
feedback and assistance; mentor teachers (who receive release time or stipends) are
assigned to work closely with new teachers; targeted expectations and training
programs are developed specifically for new teachers. The major teacher unions and
education reform groups support mediated entry.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2c Mediated Entry
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
3. Considering the ten points discussed in Chapter 2 regarding the characteristics of a professional, evaluate where we
areintoday’ssocietyatconsideringteachersprofessionals.Utilizeatleastthreecharacteristicsinyoursupportof
the point.
ANSWER: The response should include at least three of the following: sense of public service,
defined body of knowledge, specialized training, control over standards, decisions are
made about sphere of work, acceptance of responsibility of performance standards,
self-governing organization, professional organizations, code of ethics, and high
prestige and economic standing.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1 Is Teaching a Profession?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
4. The fact that there is no agreed-upon body of knowledge for teaching is a limitation when professional organizations
try to increase teachers’
a. accountability. b. autonomy.
c. empowerment d. professionalism.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1a A Defined Body of Knowledge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
5. When considering a defined body of knowledge as a characteristic of a profession, which of the following statements
accurately describes a criticism of teacher preparation programs?
a. Too many academic content courses are required.
b. Not enough pedagogy courses are required.
c. There is a healthy mix of content and pedagogy courses.
d. Too many education courses are required.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1a A Defined Body of Knowledge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
6. The phrase teaching out of license means teaching out of
a. the district in which one received tenure.
b. the grade level in which one student-taught.
c. the state in which one received one’s original certification.
d. the subject in which one is certified.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1b Controlling Requirements for Entry and Licensing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
7. Teachingisoftenthoughtofasa“semiprofession”or“emergingprofession,”muchlike
a. doctors and nurses. b. accountants and business owners.
c. nursing and social workers. d. lawyers and judges.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1 Is Teaching a Profession?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
8. Preparingagoodteacherina“definedbodyofknowledge”oftenresultsin_______________beingapartofthe
teacher preparation program.
a. professional education
b. “major”and“minors”inthesubjectarea
c. general education courses
d. all of the above
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1a A Defined Body of Knowledge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
9. In recent measures of occupational prestige, teachers rank
a. at the top of the scale alongside physicians.
b. above the ninetieth percentile.
c. at the bottom of the scale.
d. at the fiftieth percentile.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1d High Prestige and Economic Standing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
10. Which of the following has most significantly increased the prestige of teaching in the eyes of the public?
a. better staff development programs
b. increased level of education of teachers
c. teachers’ involvement in curriculum development
d. alternative certification of teaching candidates
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1d High Prestige and Economic Standing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
11. Prior to the formation of CAEP, _________________ of the 1,624 education-preparation providers were not
accredited by National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE).
a. 10 percent b. 18 percent
c. 33 percent d. 51 percent
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Medium
REFERENCES: 2-1a A Defined Body of Knowledge
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
12. Which of the following presents the greatest obstacle to teachers’ gaining the kind of autonomy suggested by the
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards?
a. Teachers do not receive training in organizing and running their own professional organizations.
b. Most teachers are not interested in gaining more autonomy in their work.
c. Because education is a public enterprise and a public responsibility, citizens and their elected officials will be
slow to turn control over to teachers.
d. The teaching population in the United States is too large and too varied to govern its own professional affairs.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1c Autonomy in Determining Spheres of Work
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
13. YourfriendSusanfoundherfirstyearofteachingtobeverytraumatic.Shehadgreatdifficultyadjustingtothe“real
world”ofschool,andshefeltoverwhelmedbyhowmuchshehadtolearnandtohandle.Whichofthefollowing
might have helped her most in avoiding such negative experiences during her initial year of teaching?
a. more pedagogy (methods) courses in her teacher preparation program
b. a fifth-year preparation program
c. a mediated entry program
d. periodic, one-day, in-service training workshops
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2c Mediated Entry
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
14. Merit pay is given to a teacher who has
a. caused student achievement scores to rise.
b. demonstrated superior performance.
c. participated in staff development activities.
d. taught in the district twenty years or more.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2e Performance Pay
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
15. Urban teachers prefer to join the AFT primarily because of the organization’s
a. research on urban conditions.
b. provision for membership by administrators.
c. publications directed toward urban teachers.
d. use of traditional union tactics.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-3b American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.03 – Determine the goals and benefits of the two primary
professional organizations, the specialized professional organizations, and the other
professional organizations discussed in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
16. The AFT does not allow membership of
a. transportation workers. b. municipal workers.
c. cafeteria employees d. school administrators.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-3b American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.03 – Determine the goals and benefits of the two primary
professional organizations, the specialized professional organizations, and the other
professional organizations discussed in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
17. Specialized professional organizations generally do not provide
a. regional and national meetings.
b. information on trends and policies.
c. political lobbies at the national and state levels.
d. publications.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-3c Specialized Professional Organizations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.03 – Determine the goals and benefits of the two primary
professional organizations, the specialized professional organizations, and the other
professional organizations discussed in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
18. Which of the following organizations has historically most closely represented teacher interests through traditional
union activities such as collective bargaining and strikes?
a. American Federation of Teachers
b. National Board for Professional Teaching Standards
c. National Educational Association
d. Phi Delta Kappa
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-3b American Federation of Teacher (AFT)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.03 – Determine the goals and benefits of the two primary
professional organizations, the specialized professional organizations, and the other
professional organizations discussed in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
19. Whathasbeenamajorcontributortotheriseinthelevelof“occupationalprestige”thatteachersarerated?
a. increased levels of education and complex nature
b. needformore“highlyqualifiedteachers”
c. abstract skill and education
d. language acquisition
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1d High Prestige and Economic Standing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
20. In2006,theaverageteacher’ssalarywas________________belowthatofcomparableworkers.
a. 15 percent b. 25 percent
c. 35 percent d. 5 percent
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1d High Prestige and Economic Standing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
21. Theeducationalreformmovementofthe1980’sand1990’scontributedto__________________.
a. pressure on districts for increased salaries
b. reductions of benefits for teachers
c. alignment of professional standards
d. awareness of basic rights
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1d High Prestige and Economic Standing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
22. Over thirty-four states legally require _____________, while it is permissible in eleven states.
a. professional registration b. the ability to determine all benefits
c. systematic mentoring d. collective bargaining
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2a The Scope of Collective Bargaining
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
23. _______________ do not permit collective bargaining.
a. Charter schools b. Private schools
c. Public schools d. Colleges and universities
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2a The Scope of Collective Bargaining
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
24. Professional standard boards in each state have the authority to _______________________.
a. issue certificates b. revoke certificates
c. renew certificates d. all of the above
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2b Collective Bargining under Attack
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
25. The _________________ has prepared a certification process that is supported by both the AFT and NEA for a
national recognition.
a. National Board for Professional Teaching Standards
b. American Federation of Teachers
c. National Education Association
d. National Association of Educators
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2b Collective Bargaining under Attack
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
26. _____________ percent of teachers leave the profession in the first five years.
a. 15 b. 25
c. 45 d. 65
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2c Mediated Entry
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
27. Merit pay is often considered a(n) __________________ for superior performance.
a. reward b. negotiation
c. union issue d. continuous training
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2e Performance Pay
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
28. The division and rivalry of the National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers is often
seen as
a. a healthy choice.
b. a separation by geographical location.
c. detrimental to the teaching profession.
d. a joint effort.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2 Teacher Organizations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
29. Why does Chapter 2 support the need for a formal, systematic mediated entry for new teachers?
ANSWER: There is currently a high rate of turnover for new teachers with many feeling isolated
in their early years. They often have periods of anxiety, frustration, fear and
sometimes trauma. A formal internship under a mentor would help with the transition
into a new field.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2c Mediated Entry
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
30. Provide two examples of groups recruited to teaching by alternative certification, and describe why this path to
certification would probably reduce the professional status of teachers.
ANSWER: Examples might include using college-educated retirees, people seeking second
careers, or industrial personnel. Any of these procedures would probably reduce the
professional status of teachers, because teachers would not be involved in selecting the
criteria, procedures, or personnel. Moreover, alternative certification undermines the
traditional training that leads to certification.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
REFERENCES: 2-1b Controlling Requirements for Entry and Licensing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
31. The Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) has chosen to focus its attention nationally on a variety of educational
issues. What are some of these issues?
ANSWER: The issues include reading, urban education, violence on television, combating
censorship, quality of children’s programs, child nutrition, sex education, AIDS
education, drug abuse prevention, and improving school discipline.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-3e Parent-Teacher Groups
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.03 – Determine the goals and benefits of the two primary
professional organizations, the specialized professional organizations, and the other
professional organizations discussed in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
32. Why would teachers be interested in joining specialized professional organizations?
ANSWER: The primary reasons are access to professional publications in the selected area,
regional and national conferences, contact with other professionals, participation in the
flow of new ideas about curriculum and instruction, and exposure to current research.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-3c Specialized Professional Organizations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.03 – Determine the goals and benefits of the two primary
professional organizations, the specialized professional organizations, and the other
professional organizations discussed in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
33. What are the reasons for increased interest in staff development for teachers?
ANSWER: Answers could comment on (a) new state requirements mandating that teachers renew
their professional skills to retain their teaching certificates; (b) the increasing
knowledge base in areas such as educational technology; and (c) increased
commitment to instructional improvement.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
REFERENCES: 2-2d Professional Development
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding
34. What potential hardships might occur when each state sets its own certification requirements?
ANSWER: There is significant variation from state to state on the educational requirements and
the preparation of certification. Many teachers cannot transfer their own certification
outside of their original certification.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1b Controlling Requirements for Entry and Licensing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
35. Whenoneconsidersthatteachersdonotdecideaboutthe“spheresofwork”,whoinsteadcontrolsthedecision
making? What are some of the deciding factors?
ANSWER: Outside experts, government officials, business leaders and civic groups tend to make
the decisions about selection of books, grant proposals, and resolve school-community
issues. Teachers too often have no control of the decisions that affect their
performance in the classroom.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-1c Autonomy in Determining Spheres of Work
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.01 – Explain how teaching lags behind full-fledged professions in
the four areas highlighted in this section.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remembering
36. Describe common topics of discussion that collective bargaining often covers outside of salary negotiations.
ANSWER: The answer can include any of the following additional points: peer review, career
ladders, performance pay, benefits, charter schools, standard setting, and school-based
management.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: 2-2a The Scope of Collective Bargaining
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: FOED.ORNS.17.02.02 – Examine the trends that suggest teaching is moving toward a
full-fledged profession.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understanding