1.Cerebralpalsyis
a.aneuromusculardisorderresultingfromdamagetothebrain.
b.abraindisordercharacterizedbyrecurrentseizureactivity.
c.thefailureofcertainbonesofthespinalcolumntofuse.
d.adisorderthatischaracterizedbyprogressiveweakeningofthevoluntaryskeletalmuscles.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.02-Describecerebralpalsy,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Cerebralpalsyisaneuromusculardisorderresultingfromdamagetooneormore
specificareasofthebrain.
2.Individualswhohavehealthdisordersarealsodescribedas
a.medicallyfragile.
b.technologydependent.
c.havingalowqualityoflife.
d.medicallyfragileandtechnologydependent.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.01-Describehowthelivesofpeoplewithphysicaldisabilitiesand
otherhealthdisordershavechangedsincetheadventofIDEA.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
3.Individualswithcerebralpalsyarelikelytohavemildtosevereproblemsinnon-motorareasoffunctioning,including
a.hearingimpairments.
b.speechandlanguagedisorders.
c.generalperceptualproblems.
d.hearingimpairments,speechandlanguagedisorders,andgeneralperceptualproblems.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.02-Describecerebralpalsy,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
4.Amildconditioninwhichaverysmallslitispresentinoneorseveralofthevertebralstructuresis
a.spinabifidaocculta. b.spinabifidameningocele.
c.spinabifidamyelomeningocele. d.spinabifidacystica.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.03-Describespinabifida,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
NOTES: Spinabifidaoccultaischaracterizedbyaverysmallslitinoneorseveralofthevertebral
structures.
5.AtbirthphysiciansnoticedYarahadamalformationofthespinalchord.Herlegsareparalyzed,andshehasdifficulty
withbowelandbladdercontrol.ItislikelythatYarahas
a.cerebralpalsy. b.musculardystrophy.
c.spinabifida. d.cerebralpalsy,musculardystrophy,andspinabifida.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.03-Describespinabifida,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
NOTES: Spinabifidamyelomeningocelegenerallyresultsinweaknessorparalysisinthelegsand
lowerbody,aninabilitytocontrolthebladderorbowelvoluntarily,andthepresenceof
otherorthopedicproblems.
6.Lucawasinvolvedinaskiingaccidentthatresultedinparalysis.Thisconditioniscalled
a.spinabifida b.cerebralpalsy.
c.aspinalcordinjury. d.musculardystrophy.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.04-Describespinalcordinjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
NOTES: Spinalcordinjuryisdamagetothespinalcordthatresultsinalossofunctionsuchare
7.Theterm_____referstoagroupofgeneticdiseasesmarkedbyprogressiveweaknessanddegenerationofthe
skeletal,orvoluntary,muscles,whichcontrolmovement.
a.cerebralpalsy b.epilepsy
c.spinabifida d.musculardystrophy
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.05-Describemusculardystrophy,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Musculardystrophyreferstoagroupofgeneticdiseasesmarkedbyprogressive
weaknessanddegenerationofmusclesthatcontrolmovement
8.IndividualswithAIDSmovethroughaseriesofstages.Thesecondstageisthe
a.stageinwhichtheimmunesystemdeclines.
b.stageinwhichantibodiesareproduced.
c.stageinwhichsymptomsappear(weightloss,skinrashes,andsoforth).
d.stageinwhichtransmissionoccurs.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.06-DescribeAIDS,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Thesecondstageischaracterizedbytheproductionofantibodies.
9.Abraindisorderwhenthenormalpatternofneuronactivityisdisturbedisknownas
a.cysticfibrosis. b.diabetes.
c.sickle-celldisease. d.epilepsy.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.08-Describeepilepsy,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
10.Henrikdescribesexperiencinganauraasunconsciousness,rigidity,andinvoluntarymusclecontractions.These
experiencesareassociatedwith
a.tonic/clonicseizures. b.absenceseizures.
c.psychomotorseizures. d.mixedseizures.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.08-Describeepilepsy,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Tonic/clonicseizuresarecharacterizedbyrigidityandrepeatedmusclecontractionsand
relaxations.
11.Whichofthefollowingistrueofjuvenilediabetes?
a.Manychildrenoutgrowdiabetesbytheiryoungadultyears.
b.Exerciseshouldbeavoided,asitexacerbatesthecondition.
c.Withpropermedicaltreatment,diabeticscaneatfoodspreviouslyprohibited.
d.Comparedtoadultdiabetes,itismoresevereandprogressesmorequickly.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.09-Describediabetes,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Juvenilediabetesismoresevereandprogressesmorerapidlythanadultformsof
diabetes.
12.Theprognosisforindividualswithcysticfibrosisdependsupon
a.earlydiagnosis. b.qualityofcareafterdiagnosis.
c.comprehensivetreatment. d.earlydiagnosis,qualityofcareafterdiagnosis,andcomprehensivetreatment.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.10-Describecysticfibrosis,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
13.Achronicdisorderthatisafunctionofabnormalhemoglobinmoleculesintheredbloodcellsis
a.sicklecellanemia. b.leukemia.
c.juvenilediabetes. d.cysticfibrosis.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.11-Describesickle-celldisease,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Achronicdisorderwhichisafunctionofabnormalhemoglobinmoleculesinthered
bloodcellsissicklecellanemia.
14.ForindividualswithTBI,socialandbehavioralproblemsmay
a.remainconstantovertime. b.worsenovertime.
c.havenoimpactonrelationships. d.lessenwithouttreatment.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
15.PrevalenceestimatesforADHDsuggestthatabout_____percentofallschool-agedchildrenhavethedisorder.
a.10-12 b.7-9
c.3-7 d.1-3
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.13-DescribeADHD,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
NOTES: Prevalencehasincreaseddramatically.Numbersfrom2011indicate11%ofschoolage
childrenhavethecondition.
16.ThetermorthopedicimpairmentisusedinIDEAtocoverstudentswhohavephysicaldisorders.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.01-Describehowthelivesofpeoplewithphysicaldisabilitiesand
otherhealthdisordershavechangedsincetheadventofIDEA.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
17.IndividualswithCParelikelytohaveonlymildormoderateproblemsinareasoffunctioning,perception,orcognition.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.02-Describecerebralpalsy,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
18.Manypeoplewithspinabifidaoccultaareunawareofitspresence.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.03-Describespinabifida,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
19.Spinalcordinjuriesintheneckorupperbackcanresultinparalysisorextensiveeffects.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.04-Describespinalcordinjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
20.Healthdisorderscauseindividualstohavelimitedstrength,energy,oralertness,duetochronicoracutehealth
problems.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.01-Describehowthelivesofpeoplewithphysicaldisabilitiesand
otherhealthdisordershavechangedsincetheadventofIDEA.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
21.NearlyoneintwentychildrenintheUSisaffectedbyasthma.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.07-Describeasthma,itsprevalence,causation.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
22.Childrenwithcysticfibrosismayspendsignificantamountsoftimeoutofschoolfortherapy.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.10-Describecysticfibrosis,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
23.Traumaticbraininjury(TBI)resultsfromrapidaccelerationanddecelerationofthebrain,includingtearingofnerve
fibers,bruisingofthebraintissueagainsttheskull,brainsteminjuries,andswelling.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
24.ADHDisonlyachildhoodconditionanddoesnothaveasignificantpresencebeyondearlyyears.
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.13-DescribeADHD,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
25.Whatisspinabifidamyelomeningocele?
ANSWER: Adefectinthespinalcolumn.Themyelomeningoceletypepresentsitselfintheformof
atumor-likesacthatcontainsspinalfluidandnervetissue.Itisthemostseriousformof
spinabifidaandgenerallyincludesparalysiscausinglackofbowelandbladdercontrol.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.03-Describespinabifida,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
26.Describesomeofthephysicallimitationsassociatedwithmusculardystrophy.
ANSWER: Progressivelossofabilitytowalkandusearmsbecausefattytissuebeginstoreplace
muscletissue.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
27.WhatgeneralstepsshouldbetakentoassistinfantsandchildrenwithAIDS?
ANSWER: 1)Earlydiagnosis;2)Effective,regularmedicalcare;3)Childrenshouldattendschool
unlesstheyexhibitbehaviorsthataredangeroustoothersorareatriskfordeveloping
infectiousdiseasethatwouldworsenthecondition.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.06-DescribeAIDS,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
28.Describetheimpactofthesicklingofcellsonbodytissues.
ANSWER: Sickledcellsaremorerigidthannormalcells,andtheyfrequentlyblockmicro-vascular
channels.Thisblockagereducesorterminatesthecirculationintheseareasandthe
tissuesinneedofoxygenandnutrientsdie.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.11-Describesickle-celldisease,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
29.Describethecognitivecharacteristicsofindividualswithtraumaticbraininjuries.
ANSWER: Thereareoftencognitivedeficits,includingproblemswithmemory,concentration,
attention,attention,organization,perception,judgment,reasoning,andproblemsolving.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
30.Describethespeechandlanguagecharacteristicsofindividualswithtraumaticbraininjuries.
ANSWER: Therearefrequentlyspeechandlanguageproblems,includingwordretrieval,slurredor
unintelligiblespeech,andaphasia.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
31.Describethephysicalcharacteristicsofindividualswithtraumaticbraininjuries.
ANSWER: Neuromotorandphysicalproblemsmaybepresent,includingeye-handcoordination
impairments,visionandhearingdeficits,andparalysis.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
32.DiscusswhysomeresearchersadvisecautionintheuseofmedicationforchildrenwhohaveADHD.
ANSWER: Medicalinterventionshowslittleorlimitedinfluenceonacademicperformance.There
areconcernsregardingsideeffects.Thereisuneasinessaboutappropriatedosage,
overprescription,andincreasedtobaccoandalcoholabuse.Itisunclearwhatthe
cumulativeeffectsmaybeonphysicalorintellectualdevelopment.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.13-DescribeADHD,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
33.Explainwhycerebralpalsycannotbecharacterizedbyasetofhomogeneoussymptoms.Howdoesthisaffect
interventionplanningforanindividualwithcerebralpalsy?
ANSWER: Cerebralpalsyischaracterizedbyasetofheterogeneoussymptoms.Childrenwiththis
conditionmayhaveseveremotorproblems,hearingandspeechimpairments,vision
problems,andrestrictedintellectualability.Withthesefactorsinmind,anarrayof
professionalsinconcertwiththeparentsshouldbeinvolvedindesigningand
implementingaprogramforthesechildrenandyouth.Also,thecompositionofthe
professionalsmaychangeovertimeasthechildmatures.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.02-Describecerebralpalsy,itsprevalence,causation,andrelated
interventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
34.Summarizeanddiscussbrieflythefourmajorproblemsevidencedbychildrenandyouthwithtraumaticbraininjuries
(TBI).
ANSWER: Fourmajorproblemsareevidencedbychildrenandyouthwithtraumaticbraininjuries.
Theyincludeproblemswithcognitionthataremanifestedinproblemswiththinkingand
perceiving.Speechandlanguageoftheaffectedindividualarealsoimpacted.The
affectedindividualmaystrugglenotonlywiththeproductionofunderstandablespeech,
butheorshemaystrugglewithproducingmeaningfulspeechandlanguage.The
individualmayknowwhatheorshewantstosay,butbeunabletosayit.Socialand
behaviorproblemsareevidentaswell.Thesemaybemanifestinincreasedirritability,
significantchangesinthepersonalityoftheaffectedindividual,andcompromised
motivation,tomentiononlyafew.Neuromotorandphysicalproblemsmaybeevident.
Impairedeye-handcoordination,visionproblems,andparalysismaybepresent.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
35.IdentifyanddiscussthemajorstagesofmedicaltreatmentforchildrenandyouthwithTBI.
ANSWER: Medicaltreatmentoccursinoverlappingphases.Duringthefirstphase,medical
personnelfocusonmaintainingtheindividual’slifeandtreatingtheswellingandbleeding
therebyreducingcomplicationsandreducingthelevelofcoma.
Thesecondstageoftreatmentfocusesonrelearningandmasteringthepreinjury
behaviors.Thesemayincludewalking,eating,speaking,andsoforth.Thisstageofthe
treatmentmaytakeconsiderabletimeandeffort.Duringthisphasechildrenoryouthare
beingpreparedtoreturntotheirhomes.
Thelaststageoftreatmentfocusesonhelpingtheaffectedindividualdealwiththe
residualeffectsoftheinjury.Thisstageofteninvolvesreferringtheindividualandfamily
tocommunityagenciesandspecificeducationprogramswhoserviceindividualswith
braininjuries.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
36.Amyhasbeendiagnosedashavingcerebralpalsy.Sheexperiencesinvoluntary,uncontrolledmovements.Itismost
likelythatAmyhas​
a.​athetoid.
b.​spasticity.
c.​spinabifida.
d.​rigidity.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.14.12-Describetraumaticbraininjury,itsprevalence,causation,and
relatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow