True/False
1.Studentswhostrugglewithtextandotherprintmaterialfromwhichtheyareexpectedtogaininformationarenot
capableofthethoughtprocessesandlearningexpectedinatypicalgeneraleducationclassroom.
a.True
b.False
2.Comprehensionandfluencyareoftenlostwhenastudenthastospendtoomuchtimeandmentalenergyindecoding
atext.
a.True
b.False
3.Balancedliteracycombinesthedirectinstructionofphonicsandwordstudywithopportunitiesformeaningful
interactionswithliterature,language,andwriting.
a.True
b.False
4.Althoughthesystematicinstructionofphonemicawarenessandthealphabeticprinciplehaveprovensuccessfulwith
childrenforwhomEnglishistheirfirstlanguage,ithasnotbeenshowntobenefitEnglishlanguagelearners.
a.True
b.False
5.Readingmaterialsthatcontainfewunknownwordsbutreinforcethewordsastudentislearninghelptodevelop
automaticity.
a.True
b.False
6.Diverselearners,particularlythoselearningasecondlanguage,typicallylearntheacademicvocabularyofanew
languagebeforethesocialvocabulary.
a.True
b.False
7.Forsomestudentswritingisactuallyeasierthanreading,becausereadingrequiresamorecomplexseriesofstepsto
decodelanguage.
a.True
b.False
8.Engagingmultiplesensesincreasesthechancesthatthelearnerwillreceivetheinformation.
a.True
b.False
9.Peerassistedstrategies(PALS)areonlybeneficialinhelpingolderstudentslearntoreadbecauseyoungerstudents
areincapableofactingaspeerhelpers.
a.True
b.False
10.Verypowerfuladaptationsthatresultinadramaticdifferenceinstudentperformancecansometimesbeverysimple
toimplement.
a.True
b.False
MultipleChoice
11.Somestudentswithdisabilitiesmaybeabletodecodetextandgainsomeinformationfromthereading,buthave
difficultiesfindingmainideasorintaskssuchassequencingandparaphrasingbecausetheylackthe
______________skillsrequiredtoorganizetheseprocesses.​
a.​syntax
b.metacognitive​
c.​finemotor
d.​receptivelanguage
12.Astudentwhohasexceptionallyhighcreativityandcriticalthinkingskillsbutstruggleswithbelowaveragereading
andor/spellingskills:​
a.​willbeunabletoperformatgradelevelincoreacademicsubjects.
b.​islikelytodemonstratelanguagedelays.
c.​istwiceexceptional.
d.​demonstratesunderachievementduetoanemotionalorbehavioraldisorder.
13.Earlyinterventionforstudentswithreadingdifficultiesiscriticalforallthefollowingreasons,EXCEPT:
a.​asstudentsgetolderthefocusshiftsfromlearningtoreadtoreadingtolearn.
b.​asstudentsgetolder,curriculardemandsandotherfactorsmakeitincreasingly
c.​ifreadingskillsarenotdevelopedintheearlyelementarylevel,moststudentscannotmakeprogresswith
readingabilityinlateryears.
d.​asstrugglingreadersgetolder,theymaylosemotivationanddevelopbehaviorproblems.
14.Learnedhelplessnessmeans:​
a.strugglingreadersdependonsupportandinstructionforthedevelopmentofskillsinreading.
b.studentsbecomepassivelearnerswhorelyonotherstostructuretasksforthemsotheycanjust“getby.”
c.​strugglingreadersbecomedependentontheuseofbooksontapeandothermultimediadevicesforthe
acquisitionofinformation.
d.​strugglingreaderslearnhowtoavoidreadingtasksbyexhibitingbehaviorproblems.
15.Schoolswithhighpoverty,minority,andspecialeducationpopulationshaveseenliteracyimprovementswhenallofthe
followingareinplace,EXCEPT:
a.​teachersusedifferentiatedinstructiontoteachthesamecontentandobjectivestoallstudents.
b.​doctorsprescribemedicationstohelpstudentsfocus.
c.collaborativepartnershipsareformedwithreadingspecialistsandspecialeducators.​
d.​collaborativepartnershipsareformedwithpeersandfamilymembers.
16.Regardlessofthetypeofinstructionused,manychildrenlearntoreadby________,howevermanyotherstudents
needdirectinstructiontoprogress.​
a.​pre-school
b.​kindergarten
c.​firstgrade
d.​secondgrade
17.Whenfirstteachingachildtoread,researchstronglysupportstheuseofphonemicawarenesswhichfocuseson:​
a.​linkingsoundstolettersandpatterns.
b.​hearingandusingsounds.
c.​thealphabeticprinciple.
d.​wordrecognition.
18.Activitiessuchasreadingbooksaloudtogether,singingsongs,andchantingrhymesarecriticalearlyliteracyactivities
usedindeveloping:​
a.​fluency.
b.​wordrecognition.
c.​phonemicawareness.
d.​phonics.
19.Thebenefitsofteachingphonicsexplicitlyandsystematicallytoyoungstudentsincludeallofthefollowing,EXCEPT:
a.​theycanformanddecodewordsmorefluently.
b.theyarebetterabletopredictanunknownwordtheyencounter.​
c.​theyarebetterabletolinksoundstolettersymbols.
d.​theyarebetterabletomakeinferencesaboutwhattheyhaveread.
20.Inorderforreadingachievementandcomprehensiontooccur,anextensivereading__________isneeded.
a.​fluency
b.​vocabulary
c.​grade-leveltextbook
d.​aptitude
21.​WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingsecondlanguagelearnersisNOTbasedonfactualinformation?
a.​Theytendtodevelopacademiclanguageskillsbeforetheydevelopsociallanguageskills.
b.​Theytendtothriveinclassroomswhereteachersproviderich,meaningfullessonsthatsupportlanguage
growth.
c.Theytendtodowellwhentheyhaveopportunitiestoworkwiththeirpeerstodiscussconcepts.​
d.​Youngstudentshaveasmallreadingvocabularywhiletheiroraland“listening”vocabularytendstobelarger.
22.Allofthefollowingfactorsaffectalearner’sreadingcomprehension,EXCEPT:
a.​backgroundknowledgeandexperience.
b.​levelofinterestinreadingandcontent.
c.​genderandethnicity.
d.knowledgeoflanguage,includingvocabulary.​
23.Today’sliteracyinstructionconnects__________fromthestart.​
a.​readingandspelling
b.​readingandwriting
c.readingandspeaking​
d.​readingandlistening
24.Moststudentsneedinstructioninthewritingprocessandbenefitfromtheuseofallofthefollowing,EXCEPT:
a.echoreading.​
b.​graphicorganizers.
c.​outlines.
d.writingstrategies.​
25.Manylearnersfindspellingarealchallengeforallthefollowingreasons,EXCEPT:
a.​inconsistentpatternsexistwithintheEnglishlanguage.
b.​theacceptablespellingofwordstypicallyvariesacrossschooldistricts,i.e.organizationvs.organisation;bank
vs.banque.
c.​ourlanguageisconstantlychangingasnewwordsareformedinthemediaandinresponsetochanging
technologies.
d.​inmanycases,thewayawordisspelleddoesnotdirectlycorrespondtoitssounds.
26.ReadingInterestInventoriescanaccomplishallofthefollowing,EXCEPT:
a.helptheteacherselecttextsandotherprintedmaterialsthewillengagethestudent.​
b.​assisttheteacherinknowingthetypesofreadingstrategiesalearnermayormaynotemploy.
c.​comparetheagelevelatwhichthestudentreadstoarandomsampleofhis/hersameagepeers.
d.​provideinsightastohowastudentviewsherself/himselfasareader.
27.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninformalreadingassessment?​
a.​SanDiegoStateQuickAssessment
b.​DynamicIndicatorsofBasicLiteracySkills
c.​Dolchsightwordlists
d.​Realizingabookistoodifficultforastudenttoreadiftheystrugglewithmorethanfivewordsonapage
28.Dolchsightwordlistsaretypicallyusedinassessing:​
a.phonemicawareness.​
b.​spellingaccuracy.
c.​fluency.
d.​wordrecognitionskills.
29.Informalreadinginventoriestypicallyprovideallthefollowinginformation,EXCEPT:
a.hightechoptionsforreadinginstructionthatareappropriateforaparticularstudent.
b.​generalreadingskillslevels.
c.​cluestothetypesoferrorsastudentmakes.
d.​ageneralcomprehensionlevel.
30.Ifateacherhasusedbothformalandinformalreadingassessmentsandstillisnotclearastowhythestudentis
struggling,a__________assessmentcouldhelpinidentifyingtheproblem.
a.​group
b.​written
c.​language
d.​behavioral
31.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofabalancedliteracyapproachtoadaptinginstructionalresourcestomeetthe
needsofstrugglingreaders?​
a.​Readinginstructionbasedonteacher-selectedreadingmaterialsonly
b.​AllstudentsreadingthesamenovelinEnglishclass
c.​Usinghigh-techresources,suchasprojectingpagesoftextonscreensothattheclasscanfollowalongasthe
teacherreadsaloud
d.​Usingamenuofchoicesbasedonuniversalthemes/ideasthroughwhichtoguideanddifferentiateinstruction
32.Listeningtothesoundandpatternsinpoetry,songs,chants,andrhymesisbeneficialinpromoting
__________________.​
a.​balancedliteracy.
b.​phonemicawareness.
c.​wordrecognition.
d.​comprehension.
33.Allofthefollowingarecomponentsoffluentreading,EXCEPT:
a.​readingquickly.
b.​error-freereading.
c.​readingaccurately.
d.​readingwithexpression.
34.Teacherscanhelpstudentsincreasetheirreadingfluencyinallofthefollowingways,EXCEPT:
a.repeatedlyreadingthesamepassagealouduntilspeedandaccuracyareachieved.​
b.​selectingpassagesthatareofinteresttothestudents.
c.providingreadingpassagesthatareatleasttwogradelevelsabovethestudent’sindependentreadinglevel.
d.​teachingpre-vocabularybeforeassessingfluencyinaparticularsetofreadingmaterials.
35.Studentscanbuildvocabularybysystematicallyusingallofthefollowingtechniquestofindoutmeaningsofunknown
words,EXCEPT:
a.assessinghowimportantthewordisineverydayuse.​
b.​usingthecontextinwhichthewordisfound.
c.usinglearningtoolssuchasthedictionaryandthesaurus.
d.​applyingwordstructuralanalysis.
36.A_____________allowsthelearnertoanalyzeawordthroughitsdefinition,synonyms,antonyms,mnemonics,and
context.​
a.​electronicdictionary
b.​wordmap
c.​readingpen
d.​talkingpen
37.Whenteachersmodelthe_____________strategy,theteacherpurposefullyspeaksaloudasshethinksthroughthe
stepsinidentifyinganunknownword,makingmeaningofapassage,orhandlingothertroublespotsinreading.
a.​wordmap
b.thinkingaloud​
c.​paraphrasing
d.​echoreading
38.Encouragingstudentstolistentoorreadachunkofmaterialsthensummarizeor______________itintheirown
wordsisausefulstrategytohelpdiversestudentsincreasecomprehensionskills.
a.​memorize
b.recite​
c.​expandupon
d.​paraphrase
39.WhichofthefollowingwritingstrategieswouldbeLEASTbeneficialforastudentwithacognitivedisability?​
a.​Creatingtheirownmnemonicandgraphicorganizer
b.​Directinstructionsonthebasicsofthewritingprocess
c.​Usingaclozeprocedure
d.​Usingaslotoutline
40.Fernald’s‘say,spell,thentracethewordwithonefinger’spellingstrategycanbeadaptedtoavarietyoflearning
stylesbyhavingstudentstracetheword:​
a.inatrayofsalt.​
b.​intheair.
c.​onastudent’sback.
d.​Allofthechoicesarecorrect.
41.Whenreadingtolearnisnotanoptionforstudents,itbecomesnecessaryto:​
a.​prepareanalternativecurriculumthatmatchestheirgradelevelreadingskills.
b.provideallimportantmaterialandinformationinauditoryformat.​
c.​excusestudentsfromassignmentsandactivitieswhereinreadingisrequired.
d.​ensurethatalltextbooksareappropriatetotheirreadinglevels.
42.Forstudentswhocannotaccessinformationthroughprintedmaterials,avideocliporothermultimediaanchorcanbe
usedtoaccomplishallofthefollowing,EXCEPT:
a.​providebackgroundinformation.
b.activatepriorknowledge.​
c.​assessreadinessforlearning.
d.​increaseengagement.
43.Forstudentswhoreadbelowgradelevel,theadvantageofusingnovelsorotherliteraturethathasbeenrewrittenata
lowerreadinglevelincludesallthefollowing,EXCEPT:rstandingsandbiastowardtheterm“counselor”tothe
_______________ofthetermitself.
a.​thestudentisstillheldaccountableforthereading.
b.​teachersdon’thavetospendtimereadingtheoriginalnoveltothestudentaloud.
c.​thestudentcanindependentlyreadthenovel.
d.​readingage-appropriatematerialsatastudent’sreadinglevelcanenhancehis/herself-esteem.
44.TheFryreadabilityindex:​
a.​containsalistofhigh/interestandlow/interestbooks.
b.isadministeredbyaclassmateaspartofthePeerAssistedLearningStrategies.​
c.​isusedtodeterminethegeneralreadinglevelofprintmaterial.
d.​helpsstudentschunkandparaphrasewhattheyhaveread.
45.WhichoffollowingwaystomodifythepresentationofthetextistheLEASTsimpletoimplement?​
a.Usingframes​
b.​Creatinge-books
c.Usingcoloroverlays​
d.​Usinganenlargedfont
46.Additionalbarrierstolearningmayexistforstudentswithsocial/emotionalchallengesforallthefollowingreasons,
EXCEPT:
a.​theymayhavedifficultyunderstandingemotionsofcharacterstheyreadabout.
b.​theymayhavelimitedinterests.
c.​theyarelikelytohaveseverebehavioralissueswhichpreventacademicengagement.
d.​theymayprefertoworkingroupsoralonebasedontheirsocialskillsorotherfactors.
47.StudentswithADHDandmotivationalchallengesmayrespondbesttoliteracyinstructionwhenitispresentedusing
_________________formatsandmaterials.​
a.printed​
b.​multisensory
c.​static
d.​multicolored
48.Academicallygiftedstudentscanbenefitfrom:​
a.​placementinhighergradelevelswiththeirintellectualpeers.
b.​extracurricularsportsandphysicaleducationactivities.
c.​enrichmentactivitiesandcurriculumcompacting.
d.​eliminatingliteracy-relatedcurriculumtomaketimeformoremathandscienceactivities.
49.Allthefollowingstatementsonliteracyinstructionaretrue,EXCEPT:
a.​collaborativepartnershipsareimportantsostrategiesarereinforcedandintegratedintoavarietyofsettings.
b.​schoolsmaybenefitfromexploringschedulingarrangementthatfostercollaborationandhaveapositiveimpact
onliteracy.
c.​literacyinstructionisbroad,complex,andonesizedoesnotfitall.
d.​ifstudentsfailtodevelopliteracyskillsinelementaryschool,theyarelikelytoremainilliterateintoadulthood.
SubjectiveShortAnswer
50.Whatismeantbythetermlearnedhelplessness?
51.Whathasfunctionalbrainimagingrevealedaboutstudentswhostrugglewithreadingduetoneurologicalchallenges?
52.GivereasonswhylearningEnglishvocabularycanbeconfusingtonativeEnglishspeakers,andevenmoresotothose
whoaretryingtolearntheEnglishlanguage.
53.Explainwhystudentswhoareabletodecodewrittenwordsmaystillstrugglewithreadingcomprehension.
54.Compareandcontrasttheinterventionsusedtopromotephonicsandwordrecognitionamongolderandyounger
children.
55.Howcanechoreadingandphonicphoneshelpastudentincreasereadingfluency?
56.ExplainhowtheQuestion-Answer-Response(QAR)strategycanbepresentedindifferentmodestobenefitstudents
withavarietyoflearningstyles.
57.Makealistofstrategiesandinterventionsyoucanusetohelpdiverselearnersbecomebetterwriters.
Essay
58.DiscusstheroleliteracyassessmentandUDLprinciplesplayinhelpingchildrendevelopliteracyskills.
59.Compareandcontrastthedifferentmethodsandresourcesusedinpromotingliteracy.