1.Autismfirstbegantoappearinresearchliteratureinthe
a.1980s. b.firsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.
c.secondhalfofthetwentiethcentury. d.1950s.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.01-Describehowthelivesofpeoplewithautismspectrum
disorders(ASD)havechangedsincetheadventofIDEA.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Althoughautismisthoughttohavebeendescribedfirstintheearly1800s,itdidnotgain
muchattentionuntilKannerpublishedhisseminalpaperin1943.
2.Theconditioncalledautismspectrumdisorderincludestheterm(s)
a.autism.
b.Asperger’sSyndrome.
c.pervasivedevelopmentaldisorder.
d.autism,Asperger’sSyndrome,andpervasivedevelopmentaldisorder.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationofASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
3.TheIDEAdefinitionofautismemploys_____.
a.significantdisabilityaffectingverbalandnonverbalcommunicationandsocial
interactions
b.aseriousemotional
disturbance
c.desireforchangeindailyroutines d.codependency
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationofASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Characteristicsoftenassociatedwithautismareengagementinrepetitiveactivitiesand
stereotypedmovements,resistancetoenvironmentalchangeorchangeindailyroutines,
4.Ms.Astinreceivedafileforanewstudent.Inthefilethestudentislabeledashavingautism,butMs.Astinhasspent
severaldayswiththestudent,andmanyoftheserioussocialskilldeficitsonemightexpectfromastudentwithautism
havenotbeenevident.Whoseresponsibilityisittodetermineifthestudentqualifiesforservicesundertheeducational
classificationofautism,underanothercategory,orifthestudentqualifiesforservicesunderSection504ofthe
RehabilitationAct?
a.Theparentsofthestudentsocialinteractions
b.Ms.Austin
c.Themultidisciplinaryteam
d.Amedicalprofessional
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
5.WhichofthefollowingcharacteristicsmaysuggesttoparentsthattheirchildhasASD?
a.Intenseneedforphysicalcontact b.Unusualstereotypicalspeech,suchasecholalia
c.Rigidwhenheld d.Excessiverandomcrying
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
6.Darja’steacherreportsthatsheisconstantlyflickinghishandsinfrontofherfaceandrockinginherchair.Thisisan
exampleof
a.self-determination. b.maladaptivebehavior.
c.adaptivebehavior. d.self-stimulation.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
7.Fixatedinterestsareacharacteristicassociatedwithautism.Whichstatementbestdescribesthischaracteristic?
a.Fixatedinterestscommonlyappearinpeoplewithautism.
b.Fixatedinterestsorpreservationonlyappearinindividualswithautismwhoarelowerfunctioning.
c.Fixatedinterestscanbecomeself-injurious.
d.Fixatedinterestskeepindividualswithautismbusyandoutoftrouble.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
8.TheCenterforDiseaseControlandPreventionestimatestheprevalenceofautismatabout_____per_____
children.
a.22;1,000
b.one;68
c.one;42
d.five;143
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
9.Theratioofmalestofemaleswithautismisashighas
a.10to2. b.5to1.
c.2to1. d.10to1.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
10.AsamemberofSven’sIEPteam,youwouldrecommendthattheIEPforastudentwithautismshouldhaveasits
centralcomponent
a.mathinstruction. b.communicationskills.
c.socialskills. d.communicationandsocialskills.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
NOTES: EachIEPshouldincludestatementsofshort-andlong-termgoalsthatrelatetothecore
deficitsofthedisorder(socialcommunication/interactionandrestrictive/repetitive
behavior).
11.Hristoisastudentwithautismwhoishavinggreatdifficultywithroutinesathomeandschool.Onemethodthat
researchhasshowntobeeffectiveinhelpingHristowithtransitionsis
a.nothing.Hristowillgetusedtothetransition. b.structuredvisualcues.
c.unstructuredverbalandvisualcues. d.auditorystimulation.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
UnitedStates-CEC.5.5-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsdevelopand
implementavarietyofeducationandtransitionplansforindividualswithexceptionalities
acrossawiderangeofsettingsanddifferentlearningexperiencesincollaborationwith
individuals,families,andteams.
12.AsanIEPteammemberforastudentwithASD,howshouldyoureactwhenotherteammemberssuggestusing
medicationtodealwiththesymptomsofthedisability?
a.No,medicationshouldonlybeusedasalastresort.
b.No,medicationhasnotbeenshowntobeeffectiveatall.
c.Yes,medicationcansolvetheproblems.
d.Perhaps,asapartofamulticomponenttreatmentplan.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
13.SocialskillinterventionsarecriticaltoteachtostudentswithASDbecause
a.itisnecessaryforanaccuratediagnosisofthestudent.
b.thesestudentsarelikelytargetsforbullying.
c.technologyassistanceisnotrecommended.
d.positivebehaviorinterventionandsupport(PBIS)aimstoincreasebarriersforchildren.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
14.Behavioraltreatmenthasbeenusedeffectivelyfor
a.teachingmath.
b.curingautism.
c.promptingdecreasesinproblembehaviorsandpotentialimprovementofsurvivalskills.
d.teachingsocialstudiesandcomposition.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
15.Pervasivedevelopmentaldisorders,autism,andAsperger’ssyndromearecategorizedasAutismspectrumdisorders.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationofASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
16.TheIndividualswithDisabilitiesEducationAct(IDEA)includesautismasacategoryofdisability.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.01-Describehowthelivesofpeoplewithautismspectrum
disorders(ASD)havechangedsincetheadventofIDEA.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
17.AhallmarkfeatureofindividualswithASDispersistentdeficitsinsocialskillsinvolvingcommunicationand
interactionswithothers.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
18.Stereotypicbehaviorandself-stimulationinindividualswithASDiswellunderstoodandextremelyhelpful.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
19.StudentswithASDdemonstratesimilarcharacteristicsandeducationalneedssoeverystudentwillneedspecial
education.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Analyzing
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.03-Describethecharacteristicsandprevalenceofchildrenand
youthwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
20.AprincipleusedinAppliedBehavioralAnalysisistobreakalargetaskintosmall,manageablestepsandthen
reinforcesuccessiveapproximationstothegoal.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
21.TeachingsocialskillstostudentswithASDisappropriatebecausetheyarelikelytargetsforbullying.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
22.Identifyfourcharacteristicsthatareoftenfoundinchildrenwithautism.
ANSWER: 1)Socialcommunicationandsocialinteractionskills;2)Restricted,repetitivepatterns,
behaviors,interests,oractivities;3)Otherdevelopmentalconditions;4)Unique
strengths.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.02-ExplainthevariousdefinitionsandclassificationofASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
23.Describecurrentviewsregardingthecausesandriskfactorsofautism.
ANSWER: Currentresearchpointstoanintegratedetiology.Thereisnotonecausenorcurefor
ASD.RatherADKappearstobeanassortmentofsymptoms,therequirevaried
treatments.PossiblecontributorstothecauseofASDincludegeneticinfectious,
neurologic,metabolic,andimmunologicalfactors.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.04-ListthecausesandriskfactorsassociatedwithASD.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
24.Describeaugmentativeandalternativecommunication.
ANSWER: Theuseofaidedandunaidedstrategies,suchasacommunicationdevice,orsign
language,tocommunicatewantsandneeds,andtotransferinformation.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
25.ListthefourstepstoofferstructureinprovidingpositiveandcreativeeducationalservicesforchildrenwithASD.
ANSWER: 1)Listthestudent’sstrengths,interests,andtalents;2)Identifywhetherthestudent’s
specificareaofneedisbehavioral,academic,social,oremotional;3)Considerand
selectedevidence-basedstrategiestoteachthestudent;4)Pairthestrategywitha
strength,interest,ortalent.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
26.ListthestepsfortransitionplanningthathavebeendevelopedtohelpadolescentswithASDmovefromsecondary
schooltopost-schoolactivities.
ANSWER:
1. Identifytransitiongoals-postsecondaryeducation,employment,independentliving
2. LinkpostsecondarygoalswithIEPgoals-atleastoneIEPgoalshouldsupport
andalignwitheachofthesegoals.
3. TroubleshootandadjusttransitionandIEPgoals-makegoalsthataremeasurable
andencourageactiveparticipation.
4. Provideopportunitiestoteachskills,balanceacademicskillswithsocial-emotional
skilldevelopment.
5. Evaluateprogress-measurestudentprogressandmakeinstructionaldecisions
usingthisdata.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
needsofindividualswithexceptionalitiesacrossarangeoflearningexperiences.
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
familiesandothereducators,relatedservicesproviders,individualswithexceptionalities,
andpersonnelfromcommunityagenciesinculturallyresponsivewaystoaddressthe
27.DescribethepositivebehaviorinterventionandsupportstrategyforpeoplewithASD.
ANSWER: Interventionsaimtoanalyzethefunctionofthechallengingbehaviorandcreate
structuresandsupportedthatreducethebarriersforengaginginmoreappropriate
behaviors.PBISinterventionsareusedinnaturalsettings,arefamilycentered,avoid
usingpunishmentstrategies,useacollaborative,assessmentbasedapproach,andresult
inmultifacetedsupportplans.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
28.Listthreeevidence-basedapproachestofacilitatethesuccessofstudentswithASDandprovideexamplesofeach
approach.
ANSWER: Communicationservicesprovidesocialcommunicationskilltraining.Examplesinclude
augmentativeandalternativecommunicationsuchashightechdevicescomputers,
specializedapplicationsforphonesandtablets.Lowtechdevicesincludecommunication
boards,andbookswithpicturesandPECS.
BehavioralstrategiesarebasedonABAprinciples.ABAisusedtobreaklargetasks
intosmall,manageablepartsthatarereinforcedwithsuccessiveapproximationstothe
endgoal.BPIScreatesstructureforengagementinappropriatebehaviors.
Visualstructureandsupportscapitalizeonthestudent’svisualstrengths.Visual
schedules,planners,labels,colorcodingfacilities,andvideomodelingteachexpectations
andreinforcelearning.
SocialSkillDevelopmentfocusonenhancingpositivesocialrelationships.Jointattention
intervention,peertraining,pivotalresponsetreatment,storybasedinterventions,direct
instruction,roleplaying,modeling,socialscripttraining,andmultimediasocialskills
programsareexamples.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.11.06-Describethedifferentinterventionsforchildrenandyouth
withASDfromearlychildhoodthroughadulthood.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
29.Thetextdiscussesstrategiestobeusedwiththestudentwithautismduringtheelementaryschoolyears.Usingthe
strategieslisted,discusshowyouwouldbegintoprogramforastudentwithautismenteringyourclassroom.
ANSWER: Designingandimplementingaprogramforyoungsterswithautismrequiresthatthefull
schoolstaffbeinvolved.Consequentlytipsforbothinstructionalstaffandotherschool
personnelareimportant.
TipsfortheGeneralEducationClassroomTeacher
*Helpwithorganizationalstrategies,assistingthestudentwithautismwithmattersthat
aredifficultforhimorher(e.g.,rememberinghowtouseaneraser).Keepinstruction
asunrestrictiveaspossible,perhapsapromptingnoteorpicturesomewhere.
*Avoidabstractideasunlesstheyarenecessaryininstruction.Beasconcreteas
possible.
*Communicatewithspecificdirectionsorquestions,notvagueoropen-ended
statements.
*Ifthechildbecomesupset,heorshemayneedtochangeactivitiesorgotoaplacein
theroomthatis“safe”foraperiodoftime.