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76
Chapter 11
International Development
Multiple-Choice
1) A country that recently reached the goal of giving ODA amounting to 0.7
percent of its GNI is
a) Germany.
b) the United States.
c) Finland.
d) the United Kingdom.
2) The strongest supporters of IMF and World Bank structural adjustment
programs were
a) interventionist liberals.
b) neomercantilists.
c) orthodox liberals.
d) historical materialists.
3) theorists?
a) neomercantilists
b) dependency theorists
c) interventionist liberals
d) historical materialists
4) The World Bank group does not include the
a) ICSID.
b) MIGA.
c) IFC.
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d) IMF
5) The World Bank group institution that is most dependent on government
contributions is the
a) IFC.
b) IDA.
c) IMF.
d) IBRD.
6) ISI as a development strategy contributed to
a) more self-sufficiency in LDCs.
b) healthy industrial growth rates in the 1940s and 1950s.
c) more industrial competitiveness in LDCs over time.
d) industrial and agricultural development in LDCs.
7) The region most closely associated with ISI was
a) Latin America
b) South Asia
c) Africa
d) East Asia
8) Similarities between ISI and the East Asian developmental state include
the fact that
a) both targeted a small number of key industries.
b) both emphasized industrial and agricultural development.
c) both depended on some government intervention.
d) both focused on industrialization to meet domestic demand.
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9) In the early 1990s, which theorists on the average were the most skeptical
that
development?
a) historical materialists
b) orthodox liberals
c) neomercantilists
d) interventionist liberals
10) LDC women face many challenges because
a) those who work outside the home are often involved in agricultural
production for export and domestic consumption.
b) they often must spend a good deal of time on unpaid subsistence
work.
c) they must decide whether to focus on household work or on wage
labor.
d) they face many household duties and rarely work outside the home.
11) The East Asian Miracle
a) suggested that the East Asian model should be tried elsewhere.
b) recognized the value of government intervention to promote
development in some cases.
c) noted that Southeast Asia had successfully emulated the East Asian
model.
d) recognized the value of government-directed industrial policy.
12) World Bank President Robert McNamara was closely associated with
a) a neomercantilist approach to development.
b) a trickle-down approach to development aid.
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c) an orthodox liberal approach to development.
d) a basic needs approach to development aid.
13) The Comprehensive Development Framework and the Poverty
Reduction Strategy Papers both
a) provide low-cost, short-term financial services.
b) are parts of the structural adjustment program.
c) are closely linked with the IMF and World Bank.
d) involve a more participatory rather than top-down process.
14) The Washington Consensus was
a) an understanding
stage of development.
b) a belief that democratic government and a dominant private sector
would lead to prosperity.
c) a belief that the market and the state complement each other.
d) a consensus that LDCs required more aid to deal with their
financial problems.
15) The only World Bank group institution that gives ODA, as the OECD
defines the term, is the
a) IBRD.
b) IMF.
c) IDA.
d) IFC.
True-False
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1) To be a member of the IBRD, a country must also be a member of the
IMF.
2) Most DCs tie a certain percentage of their multilateral aid to purchases in
the home country.
3) The best World Bank structural adjustment programs were those that were
gender neutral.
4) The Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers offer a more consultative
approach to providing debt relief.
5) The World Bank opposed LDC import substitution industrialization
policies during the 1950s because of its free-market oriented policies.
6) The East Asian developmental state focused on protecting all local
industries, and devoted less attention to agriculture.
7) World Bank President James Wolfensohn is credited with instituting the
Comprehensive Development Framework.
Fill in the Blank
1) The money that migrants earn abroad and send back to their home
countries are ___________________.
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2) The _____________________ presents a counterpart to the Washington
Consensus because it supports a large state role in development.
3) The World Bank group institution that provides loans to private ventures
in LDCs without a government guarantee is the _____________________ .
4) _______________.refers to the provision of short-term, low-cost financial
assistance to poor LDC households that do not have access to the main
financial institutions.
5) China and the other 4 BRICS economies are the founding members of the
_____________________, which will provide an alternative to IMF and
World Bank funds.
6) The World Bank group provides soft-loans to poorer LDCs through its
_____________________.
7) have lower interest rates, longer grace periods, and
longer repayment periods than commercial loans.
Essay
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1) In what ways are China and the other BRICS economies posing a
challenge to the IMF and World Bank? What two banks has China been
involved in establishing that could provide alternatives to IMF and World
Bank funding?
2) What is the ODA? What are the debates regarding
the effectiveness of aid-giving?
3) How would you compare the effectiveness of import substitution,
socialism, export-led growth, and neoliberal development strategies?
Explain your answers.
4) What are structural adjustment loans, why were they instituted, and how
have they affected African LDCs, women, and the poorest groups within
LDCs?
5) How did the World Bank attempt to change its structural adjustment
loans? In your answer discuss the Comprehensive Development Framework
and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers approach.
6) Why has the United States had so much influence in the Bank group? Do
you think the United States will retain its current level of influence?
7) Why do the DCs give ODA, and why have ODA levels as a percent of
countries GNIs generally declined over the years?
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8) What are the five main institutions in the World Bank group, and what are
their functions?
9) In what ways has the World Bank group been important in the
development context?
10) What is the Washington Consensus, and how successful has it been?
What is the Beijing Consensus, and how does it differ from the Washington
Consensus? What form do you think a post-Washington Consensus should
take?
