34.VoicedisordersareseldomthefocusofreferralandtreatmentintheUnitedStates.
a.True
b.False
a.True
b.False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.07-Describevoiceandresonancedisorders,theirprevalence,
causation,identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
35.Discussoneexampleoflanguagewithoutspeech.
ANSWER: Answerswillvarybutcouldincludesignlanguage,nonverbalcommunicationsuchas
headnods,orhandgestures.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.02-Describetheprimarycomponentsoftypicalcommunication
development.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
36.Describeexpressiveandreceptivelanguage?
ANSWER: Expressivelanguageinvolvesmanyskillsforthesendertocommunicatewithanother.
Theabilitytoformulateathought,havemotorskillstoproducethesoundsofwords,
phrasesandsentencesrelatedtothatthought,speakthemessageusingthecorrect
form,anduseappropriateintonation,gestures,andotheractsareallskillsinexpressive
language.Receptivelanguageinvolvesmanyskillsforthereceivertounderstandthe
message.Inoralcommunicationthereceivermustattendtothespeaker,understandthe
sentmessage,comprehendthewords,phrases,sentences,intonation,gestures,and
communicativeacts.
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
37.ListthefivedistinctcommunicationdisorderscategorizedintheDSM-5manual.
ANSWER:
1. Languagedisorder
2. Speechsounddisorder,(articulation)
3. Childonsetfluencydisorder(stuttering)
4. Social(pragmatic)communicationdisorder
5. Voiceandresonancedisorders
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.02-Describetheprimarycomponentsoftypicalcommunication
development.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
38.Listelementsthatmustbeconsideredininterventionsforcommunicationdisorders.
ANSWER: Natureoftheproblem,theimpactontheindividual,theindividualizeddeliveryof
services,augmentativeandalternativecommunicationstrategies,andcreationofan
individualizedlanguageplanareallelementsonemustconsiderwhentreating
communicationdisorders.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.5.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsselect,adapt,and
usearepertoireofevidence-basedinstructionalstrategiestoadvancelearningof
individualswithexceptionalities.
39.Discusshowlanguagedelaysanddisordersdiffer.
ANSWER: 1)Inadelaythesequenceoflanguagedevelopmentisintact,buttherateisinterrupted;
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.4.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusemultiple
methodsofassessmentanddatasourcesinmakingeducationaldecisions.
UnitedStates-CEC.7.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscollaboratewith
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
40.Discussenvironmentalfactorsastheymayaffectayoungchild’slanguagedevelopment.
ANSWER: Earlylanguagedevelopmentisoftenaprogressiveinterplaybetweenthebabyandhisor
herenvironment.Babiesbegintobabbleataboutthreetosixmonthsofage,which
involvesmakingsomeconsonantandvowelsounds.Atthispoint,babiesoftenmake
soundsrepeatedlywhentheyarealone,seeminglyexperimentingwiththeirsound
makingandnotnecessarilytryingtocommunicatewithanyone.Theymayalsobabble
whentheirparentsorothersarewiththem,playingorotherwisehandlingthem.
Ababy’sfirstwordisalwaysamomentousevent,andparentsoftenattachwordsto
soundsthatstretchtheimaginationofmoreobjectiveobserversandlikelyhaveno
41.Theaudiblerepresentationoflanguageis​
a.​morphology.
b.​speech.
c.​communication.
d.​interaction.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.02-Describetheprimarycomponentsoftypicalcommunication
development.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Althoughrelated,speechandlanguagearenotthesamething.Speechistheaudible
representationoflanguage.
42.Stutteringoccurswhentheflowofspeechisabnormalorinterruptedrepeatedly.Whatcomponentoflanguageis
affectedbythis?​
a.​Morphology
b.​Syntax
c.​Phonology
d.​Semantics
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.05-Describechildonsetfluencydisorder,itsprevalence,
causation,identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Theflowofspeechrelatestothespeechsoundsanindividualuttersorphonology.
43.Peoplewithaphasiahaveoccasionaldifficultycomprehendingwhatissaidtothemorunderstandingitsmeaning.
Whatcomponentoflanguageisaffectedinsuchcircumstances?​
a.​Syntax
b.​Phonology
c.​Semantics
d.​Pragmatics
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Difficultywithunderstandingortheunderstandingoflanguageissemantics.
44.Alanguagedisorderduetobraindamageandresultinginimpairmentoflanguagecomprehension,formulation,anduse
isknownas​
a.​aphasia.
b.​receptivelanguagedelay.
c.​expressivelanguagedelay.
d.​languagedelay.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Aphasiareferstoalossoftheabilitytospeakorcomprehendbecauseofaninjuryor
developmentalabnormalityinthebrain.
45.Developmentalaphasiacanresultfrom​a(n)
a.​accident.
b.​stroke.
c.​virus.
d.​neurologicalprobleminchildren.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Thetermdevelopmentalaphasiahasbeenwidelyusedwithaffectedchildren,despite
thelongstandingassociationofsuchproblemswithneurologicaldamage.
46.Adultswithaphasiacausedbyinjurytothebackpartofthebrain​
a.​canhavemorefluentspeech,butthespeechlacksimportantcontent.
b.​articulatefairlywell.
c.​tendtospeakoverlyrapidly.
d.​canoftencomprehendbetterthantheycanexpress.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
47.Functionalarticulationdisordersaredistinguishedfromstructuraldisordersbythe​
a.​presenceofbraindamagewithfunctionaldisorders.
b.​factthatfunctionaldisordersareeasiertotreat.
c.​lackofphysicaldeformitieswithfunctionaldisorders.
d.​severityofthedisorders.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.04-Describespeechsounddisorder,itsprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Functionalarticulationdisordersarenotduetostructuralphysiologicaldefects,butrather
48.Anabnormalityinthespeech-soundproductionprocessthatresultsininaccurateorinappropriateexecutionofthe
speakingactisknownas​
a.​afluencydisorder.
b.​aphasia.
c.​anarticulationdisorder.
d.​cluttering.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.04-Describespeechsounddisorder,itsprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Articulationdisordersrefertoabnormalitiesinthespeech-soundproductionprocess
resultingininaccurateorotherwiseinappropriateexecutionofspeaking.
49.Articulationproblemsmayoccurifthedentalstructuresinvolve​
a.​acuteperiodontaldisease.
b.​chronicandpervasivecaries.
c.​softeningofthedentin.
d.​seriousmalocclusion.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.04-Describespeechsounddisorder,itsprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
50.Thegeneraltermusedtorefertotheclosureandfitting-togetherofdentalstructuresis​
a.​incisorability.
b.​overbite.
c.​dentalocclusion.
d.​oralstructure.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.04-Describespeechsounddisorder,itsprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Thegeneraltermusedfortheclosureandfittingtogetherofdentalstructuresis
occlusion,ordentalocclusion.
51.Parentalimitationofthebabytalkofveryyoungchildrenmaybeapowerfulinfluenceresultinginstrengtheningofthe
behavior.Thisisanexampleofachildlearningfrom​
a.​extinction.
b.​modeling.
c.​reinforcement.
d.​encouragement.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.04-Describespeechsounddisorder,itsprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Defectivelearningmaycomefrommodeling.Parent(orotheradult)modelingcanresult
inarticulationdisorderswhentheyimitatethebabytalkofyoungchildren.
52.Peoplewhosoundasiftheyhaveacontinualcoldorstuffynosemaybeexperiencingwhichvoicedisorder?​
a.​Breathiness
b.​Hypernasality
c.​Hyponasality
d.​Hoarseness
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.07-Describevoiceandresonancedisorders,theirprevalence,
causation,identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
NOTES: Nasalitymayinvolvetoolittleresonancefromthenasalpassages(hyponasalityor
denasality),whichsoundslikethechildhasacontinualcoldorstuffynose.
53.Describehowspeech,language,andcommunicationareinterrelatedbutdifferent.​
ANSWER: 1)Speechandlanguageformpartofcommunication;2)Somecomponentsof
communicationinvolvelanguagenotspeech;3)Somespeechdoesnotinvolvelanguage;
4)Thedevelopmentofalloverlaptosomeextent.​
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.02-Describetheprimarycomponentsoftypicalcommunication
development.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
54.Whatisthedifferencebetweenexpressiveandreceptivelanguagedisorders?​
ANSWER: Receptivelanguagedisordersresultindifficultlyunderstandingwhatotherssay.An
expressivelanguagedisorderresultsindifficultywithlanguageproduction.​
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
55.Identifythethreefactorsthoughttobeinvolvedincausinglanguagedisorders.​
ANSWER: 1)Defectiveordeficitsensorysystem;2)Neurologicaldamage;3)Deficientor
disruptedlearningopportunitiesduringlanguagedevelopment​
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
56.Describehowthetreatmentapproachesforadultsandchildrenwithlanguagedisordersdiffer.​
ANSWER: Treatmentforchildrenaddressesinitialacquisitionorlearningoflanguage.Treatment
foradultsinvolvesrelearningorreacquiringlanguagefunction.​
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.03-Describelanguagedisorders,theirprevalence,causation,
identification,andrelatedinterventions.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.2.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalscreatesafe,
inclusive,culturallyresponsivelearningenvironmentssothatindividualswith
exceptionalitiesbecomeactiveandeffectivelearnersanddevelopemotionalwell-being,
positivesocialinteractions,andself-determination.
57._________isthesystemofspeechsoundsthatanindividualutters,thatis,rulesregardinghowsoundscanbeused
andcombined.​
a.​Syntax
b.​Morphology
c.​Phonology
d.​Semantics
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.02-Describetheprimarycomponentsoftypicalcommunication
development.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.
58.______involvestherulesgoverningsentencestructure,thewaysequencesofwordsarecombinedintophrases
andsentences.​
a.​Semantics
b.​Syntax
c.​Morphology
d.​Phonology
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Remembering
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.10.02-Describetheprimarycomponentsoftypicalcommunication
development.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.1.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsunderstandhow
exceptionalitiesmayinteractwithdevelopmentandlearningandusethisknowledgeto
providemeaningfulandchallenginglearningexperiencesforindividualswith
exceptionalities.