37.Yourtextdescribesthreelabelingapproachesthatcanbeusedtodescribethenatureandextentofdifferences.
Brieflydescribeoneofthethreeapproachesandprovideanexample.
ANSWER: Thethreeapproachesdescribedinthetextare:developmental,cultural,andself-
labeling.Thedevelopmentalapproachtolabelingisbasedondeviationsfromwhatis
considerednormalphysical,social,orintellectualgrowth.Humandifferencesarethe
resultofaninteractionofbiologicalandenvironmentalfactors.Accordingtothe
developmentalview,normaldevelopmentcanbedescribedstatistically.Weobserve
largenumbersofindividualsandlookforthosecharacteristicsthatoccurmost
frequentlyataspecificage.Theculturalperspectivedefineswhatisnormalaccording
tothestandardsestablishedbyagivenculture.Whereasadevelopmentalapproach
considersonlythefrequencyofbehaviorstodefinedifferences,aculturalperspective
suggeststhatdifferencescanalsobeexplainedbyexaminingthevaluesinherentwithin
aculture.Whatconstitutesasignificantdifferencechangesovertime,fromcultureto
culture,andamongthevarioussocialclasseswithinaculture.Theself-labeling
approachassertsthatallpeopleengageinaself-labelingprocessthatmaynotbe
recognizedbyothers.Self-imposedlabelsreflecthowweperceiveourselves,although
thoseperceptionsmaynotbeconsistentwithhowothersseeus.Theoppositemayalso
occur:Thecultureusesagivenlabeltoidentifyaperson,butthatlabelmaynotbe
acceptedbythatperson.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:HESC.HARD.17.01.02-Identifythreeapproachestodescribehumandifferences.
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
38.Describetheservicesforpeoplewithdisabilitiesthroughmostofthetwentiethcentury.
ANSWER: 1)Peoplewereconsidereddefectiveandwereconsideredsocialproblems;2)statelaws
werepassedthatforbidmarriageandpromotedsegregation;3)serviceswerenot
availabletofamilies.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Understanding
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.
REFERENCES: Bloom’s:Applying
NATIONALSTANDARDS: UnitedStates-CEC.6.0-Beginningspecialeducationprofessionalsusefoundational
knowledgeofthefieldandtheirprofessionalEthicalPrinciplesandPracticeStandards
toinformspecialeducationpractice,toengageinlifelonglearning,andtoadvancetheir
profession.