Economics Chapter 01 Wednesdays 11 Manufacturer Cellular Phones Has Decided

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Ch.1 DataCollection

1.1 IntroductiontothePracticeofStatistics

1 Definestatisticsandstatisticalthinking.

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.

Provideanappropriateresponse.

1) Whatisstatistics?

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

2) Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofstatistics?

A) Statisticsisusedtoanswerquestionswith100%certainty.

B) Statisticsinvolvescollectingandsummarizingdata.

C) Statisticscanbeusedtoorganizeandanalyzeinformation.

D) Statisticsisusedtodrawconclusionsusingdata.

2 Explaintheprocessofstatistics.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Determinewhethertheunderlinedvalueisaparameterorastatistic.

1) InasurveyconductedinthetownofAtherton,25% ofadultrespondentsreportedthattheyhadbeeninvolved

inatleastonecaraccidentinthepasttenyears.

A) statistic B) parameter

2) 28.2%ofthemayorsofcitiesinacertainstatearefromminoritygroups.

A) parameter B) statistic

3) Astudyof3700collegestudentsinthecityofPemblingtonfoundthat8% hadbeenvictimsofviolentcrimes.

A) statistic B) parameter

4) 51.5%oftheresidentsofIdlingtonGardenCityarefemale.

A) parameter B) statistic

5) Telephoneinterviewsof372employeesofalargeelectronicscompanyfoundthat65%weredissatisfiedwith

theirworkingconditions.

A) statistic B) parameter

6) Theaverageageofthe65studentsinMs.Hopeʹspoliticalscienceclassis21years7months.

A) parameter B) statistic

7) Markretiredfromcompetitiveathleticslastyear.Inhiscareerasasprinterhehadcompetedinthe100 –meters

eventatotalof328times.Hisaveragetimeforthese328raceswas10.25seconds.

A) parameter B) statistic

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.

Provideanappropriateresponse.

8) Asurveyof1602Americanhouseholdsfoundthat32%ofthehouseholdsownaDVDrecorder.Identifythe

population,thesample,andtheindividualsinthestudy.

9) Asurveyof1015Americanhouseholdsfoundthat78%ofthehouseholdsownatleasttwobicycles.Identify

thepopulation,thesample,andtheindividualsinthestudy.

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MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

10) Parkingatalargeuniversityhasbecomeaverybigproblem.Universityadministratorsareinterestedin

determiningtheaverageparkingtime(e.g.thetimeittakesastudenttofindaparkingspot)ofitsstudents.An

administratorinconspicuouslyfollowed120studentsandcarefullyrecordedtheirparkingtimes.Identifythe

populationofinteresttotheuniversityadministration.

A) theparkingtimesoftheentiresetofstudentsthatparkattheuniversity

B) theparkingtimesofthe120studentsfromwhomthedatawerecollected

C) theentiresetoffaculty,staff,andstudentsthatparkattheuniversity

D) thestudentsthatparkattheuniversitybetween9and10AMonWednesdays

11) Amanufacturerofcellularphoneshasdecidedthatanassemblylineisoperatingsatisfactorilyiflessthan0.0

5%ofthephonesproducedperdayaredefective.Tocheckthequalityofadayʹsproduction,thecompany

decidestorandomlysample10phonesfromadayʹsproductiontotestfordefects.Definethepopulationof

interesttothemanufacturer.

A) allthephonesproducedduringthedayinquestion

B) the10phonessampledandtested

C) the10responses:defectiveornotdefective

D) the0.05%ofthephonesthataredefective

12) ArecentstudyattemptedtoestimatetheproportionofFloridaresidentswhowerewillingtospendmoretax

dollarsonprotectingtheFloridabeachesfromenvironmentaldisasters.Forty–twohundredFloridaresidents

weresurveyed.Whichofthefollowingisthepopulationusedinthestudy?

A) allFloridaresidents

B) the4200Floridaresidentssurveyed

C) theFloridaresidentswhowerewillingtospendmoretaxdollarsonprotectingthebeachesfrom

environmentaldisasters

D) allFloridaresidentswholivedalongthebeaches

13) Parkingatalargeuniversityhasbecomeaverybigproblem.Universityadministratorsareinterestedin

determiningtheaverageparkingtime(e.g.thetimeittakesastudenttofindaparkingspot)ofitsstudents.An

administratorinconspicuouslyfollowed180studentsandcarefullyrecordedtheirparkingtimes.Identifythe

sampleofinteresttotheuniversityadministration.

A) parkingtimesofthe180students B) parkingtimeofastudent

C) locationoftheparkingspot D) typeofcar(importordomestic)

14) Thelegalprofessionconductedastudytodeterminethepercentageofcardiologistswhohadbeensuedfor

malpracticeinthelastthreeyears.Thesamplewasrandomlychosenfromanationaldirectoryofdoctors.

Identifytheindividualsinthestudy.

A) eachcardiologistselectedfromthedirectory

B) theresponses:havebeensued/havenotbeensuedformalpracticeinthelastthreeyears

C) thedoctorʹsareaofexpertise(i.e.,cardiology,pediatrics,etc.)

D) allcardiologistsinthedirectory

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.

15) Administratorsatalargeuniversitywanttoknowtheaveragedebtincurredbytheirgraduates.Surveyswere

mailedto150graduatingseniorsaskingthemtoreporttheirtotalstudentloandebt.Identifythepopulation,

sample,andindividualsinthestudy.

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16) Astudywasconductedtodetermineiflisteningtoheavymetalmusicaffectscriticalthinking.Totesttheclaim,

124subjectswererandomlyassignedtotwogroups.Bothgroupswereadministeredabasicmathskillsexam.

Thefirstgrouptooktheexamwhileheavymetalmusicwaspipedintotheexamroom,whilethesecondgroup

tooktheexaminasilentroom.Themeanexamscoreforthefirstgroupwas76,andthemeanexamscorefor

thesecondgroupwas83.Theresearchersconcludedthatheavymetalmusicnegativelyaffectscriticalthinking.

Identify(a)theresearchobjective,(b)thesample,(c)thedescriptivestatistics,and(d)theconclusionsmadein

thestudy.

17) Atelephonepollasked1422registeredvotersʺWouldyouvoteforthecurrentvicepresidentifheranfor

president?ʺOfthese1422respondents,35%wouldvoteforthecurrentvicepresidentifheranforpresident.

Theadministratorsofthestudyconcludedthat35%ofallregisteredvoterswouldvoteforthecurrentvice

presidentifheranforpresident.Identify(a)theresearchobjective,(b)thesample,(c)thedescriptivestatistics,

and(d)theconclusionsmadeinthestudy.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

18) Whichbranchofstatisticsdealswiththeorganizationandsummarizationofcollectedinformation?

A) Descriptivestatistics B) Inferentialstatistics

C) Surveydesign D) Computationalstatistics

3 Distinguishbetweenqualitativeandquantitativevariables.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Classifythevariableasqualitativeorquantitative.

1) thecolorsofbookcoversonabookshelf

A) qualitative B) quantitative

2) thenumberofcallsreceivedatacompanyʹshelpdesk

A) quantitative B) qualitative

3) thenumberofseatsinaschoolauditorium

A) quantitative B) qualitative

4) thenumbersontheshirtsofaboyʹsfootballteam

A) qualitative B) quantitative

5) thebankaccountnumbersofthestudentsinaclass

A) qualitative B) quantitative

6) theweightsofcasesloadedontoanairportconveyorbelt

A) quantitative B) qualitative

7) thetemperaturesofcupsofcoffeeservedatarestaurant

A) quantitative B) qualitative

8) thenativelanguagesofstudentsinanEnglishclass

A) qualitative B) quantitative

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Solvetheproblem.

9) Abicyclemanufacturerproducesfourdifferentbicyclemodels.Informationissummarizedinthetablebelow:

Model SeriesNumber Weight Style

Ascension A120 33 Mountain

RoadRunner B640 21 Road

AllTerrain C300 27 Hybrid

ClassAbove D90 17 Racing



Identifythevariablesanddeterminewhethereachvariableisquantitativeorqualitative.

A) seriesnumber:qualitative;weight:quantitative;style:qualitative

B) seriesnumber:quantitative;weight:quantitative;style:qualitative

C) seriesnumber:quantitative;weight:qualitative;style:qualitative

D) seriesnumber:qualitative;weight:qualitative;style:qualitative

10) Aninternationalrelationsprofessorissupervisingfourmasterʹsstudents.Informationaboutthestudentsis

summarizedinthetable.



StudentName StudentNumber AreaofInterest GPA

Anna 914589205 Africa 3.63

Pierre 981672635 MiddleEast 3.30

Juan 906539012 LatinAmerica 3.16

Yoko 977530271 Asia 3.68

Identifythevariablesanddeterminewhethereachvariableisquantitativeorqualitative.

A) studentnumber:qualitative;areaofinterest:qualitative;GPA:quantitative

B) studentnumber:quantitative;areaofinterest:qualitative;GPA:quantitative

C) studentnumber:quantitative;areaofinterest:qualitative;GPA:qualitative

D) studentnumber:qualitative;areaofinterest:qualitative;GPA:qualitative

Provideanappropriateresponse.

11) Quantitativevariablesclassifyindividualsinasampleaccordingto

A) numericalmeasure. B) physicalattribute.

C) personalitycharacteristic. D) exhibitedtrait.

4 Distinguishbetweendiscreteandcontinuousvariables.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Determinewhetherthequantitativevariableisdiscreteorcontinuous.

1) thenumberofbottlesofjuicesoldinacafeteriaduringlunch

A) discrete B) continuous

2) theweightofaplayeronthewrestlingteam

A) continuous B) discrete

3) thecholesterollevelsofagroupofadultsthedayafterThanksgiving

A) continuous B) discrete

4) thelowtemperatureindegreesFahrenheitonJanuary1stinCheyenne,Wyoming

A) continuous B) discrete

5) thenumberofgoalsscoredinahockeygame

A) discrete B) continuous

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6) thespeedofacaronaBostontollwayduringrushhourtraffic

A) continuous B) discrete

7) thenumberofphonecallstothepolicedepartmentonanygivenday

A) discrete B) continuous

8) theageoftheoldestemployeeinthedataprocessingdepartment

A) continuous B) discrete

9) thenumberofpillsinanaspirinbottle

A) discrete B) continuous

Provideanappropriateresponse.

10) Thepeakshoppingtimeatapetstoreisbetween8–11:00amonSaturdaymornings.Managementatthepet

storerandomlyselected65customerslastSaturdaymorninganddecidedtoobservetheirshoppinghabits.

Theyrecordedthenumberofitemsthatasampleofthecustomerspurchasedaswellasthetotaltimethe

customersspentinthestore.Identifythetypesofvariablesrecordedbythepetstore.

A) numberofitems–discrete;totaltime–continuous

B) numberofitems–continuous;totaltime–continuous

C) numberofitems–continuous;totaltime–discrete

D) numberofitems–discrete;totaltime–discrete

11) Thenumberofviolentcrimescommittedinacityonagivendayinarandomsampleof110daysisa

__________randomvariable.

A) discrete B) continuous

12) Classifythefollowingrandomvariable:telephoneareacodes

A) qualitativedata B) experimentaldata

C) quantitativecontinuousdata D) quantitativediscretedata

13) Astudentisaskedtorateaguestspeakerʹsabilitytocommunicateonascaleofpoor–average–good–excellent.

Thestudentistofillinacorrespondingcircleonabubbleform.Thisisanexampleofcollectingwhattypeof

data?

A) qualitative B) continuous C) discrete D) insightful

5 Determinethelevelofmeasurementofavariable.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Determinethelevelofmeasurementofthevariable.

1) themusicalinstrumentplayedbyamusicstudent

A) nominal B) ratio C) ordinal D) interval

2) themedalreceived(gold,silver,bronze)byanOlympicgymnast

A) ordinal B) ratio C) nominal D) interval

3) heightofatree

A) ratio B) interval C) nominal D) ordinal

4) thenativelanguageofatourist

A) nominal B) ratio C) ordinal D) interval

5) thedayofthemonth

A) interval B) ratio C) nominal D) ordinal

Page5

6) anofficerʹsrankinthemilitary

A) ordinal B) ratio C) nominal D) interval

7) weightofriceboughtbyacustomer

A) ratio B) interval C) nominal D) ordinal

8) astudentʹsfavoritesport

A) nominal B) ratio C) ordinal D) interval

9) ranking(firstplace,secondplace,etc.)ofcontestantsinasingingcompetition

A) ordinal B) ratio C) nominal D) interval

10) capacityofabackpack

A) ratio B) interval C) nominal D) ordinal

11) anevaluationreceivedbyaphysicsstudent(excellent,good,satisfactory,orpoor).

A) ordinal B) ratio C) nominal D) interval

12) theyearofmanufactureofacar

A) interval B) ratio C) nominal D) ordinal

13) timespentplayingbasketball

A) ratio B) interval C) nominal D) ordinal

14) categoryofstorm(gale,hurricane,etc.)

A) ordinal B) ratio C) nominal D) interval

1.2 ObservationalStudiesversusDesignedExperiments

1 Distinguishbetweenanobservationalstudyandanexperiment.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Determinewhetherthestudydepictsanobservationalstudyoranexperiment.

1) Amedicalresearcherobtainsasampleofadultssufferingfromdiabetes.Sherandomlyassigns95 peopletoa

treatmentgroupand95toaplacebogroup.Thetreatmentgroupreceivesamedicationoveraperiodofthree

monthsandtheplacebogroupreceivesaplacebooverthesametimeframe.Attheendofthreemonthsthe

patientsʹsymptomsareevaluated.

A) experiment B) observationalstudy

2) Apollisconductedinwhichprofessionalmusiciansareaskedtheirages.

A) observationalstudy B) experiment

3) Apollsterobtainsasampleofstudentsandasksthemhowtheywillvoteonanupcomingreferendum.

A) observationalstudy B) experiment

4) Thepersonneldirectoratalargecompanywouldliketodeterminewhetherthecompanycafeteriaiswidely

usedbyemployees.Shecallseachemployeeandasksthemwhethertheyusuallybringtheirownlunch,eatat

thecompanycafeteria,orgooutforlunch.

A) observationalstudy B) experiment

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5) Ascientistwasstudyingtheeffectsofanewfertilizeroncropyield.Sherandomlyassignedhalfoftheplotson

afarmtogrouponeandtheremainingplotstogrouptwo.Ontheplotsingroupone,thenewfertilizerwas

usedforayear.Ontheplotsingrouptwo,theoldfertilizerwasused.Attheendoftheyeartheaveragecrop

yieldfortheplotsingrouponewascomparedwiththeaveragecropyieldfortheplotsingrouptwo.

A) experiment B) observationalstudy

6) Aresearcherobtainedarandomsampleof100smokersandarandomsampleof100nonsmokers.After

interviewingall200participantsinthestudy,theresearchercomparedtherateofdepressionamongthe

smokerswiththerateofdepressionamongnonsmokers.

A) observationalstudy B) experiment

Provideanappropriateresponse.

7) TrueorFalse:Observationalstudiesarenotasusefulasexperimentstolearnaboutthecharacteristicsofa

population.

A) False B) True

8) TrueorFalse:Experimentsassisttheresearcherinisolatingthecausesoftherelationshipsthatexistbetween

twovariables.

A) True B) False

2 Explainthevarioustypesofobservationalstudies.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Determinewhattypeofobservationalstudyisdescribed.Explain.

1) Researcherswantedtodeterminewhethertherewasanassociationbetweenhighbloodpressureandthe

suppressionofemotions.Theresearcherslookedat1800adultsenrolledinaHealthInitiativeObservational

Study.Eachpersonwasinterviewedandaskedabouttheirresponsetoemotions.Inparticulartheywereasked

whethertheirtendencywastoexpressortoholdinangerandotheremotions.Thedegreeofsuppressionof

emotionswasratedonascaleof1to10.Eachpersonʹsbloodpressurewasalsomeasured.Theresearchers

analyzedtheresultstodeterminewhethertherewasanassociationbetweenhighbloodpressureandthe

suppressionofemotions.

A) cross–sectional;Informationiscollectedataspecificpointintime.

B) cohort;Individualsareobservedoveralongperiodoftime.

C) retrospective;Individualsareaskedtolookbackintime.

2) Researcherswantedtodeterminewhethertherewasanassociationbetweencitydrivingandstomachulcers.

Theyselectedasampleof900youngadultsandfollowedthemforatwenty–yearperiod.Atthestartofthe

studynoneoftheparticipantswassufferingfromastomachulcer.Eachpersonkepttrackofthenumberof

hoursperweektheyspentdrivingincitytraffic.Attheendofthestudyeachparticipantunderwentteststo

determinewhethertheyweresufferingfromastomachulcer.Theresearchersanalyzedtheresultsto

determinewhethertherewasanassociationbetweencitydrivingandstomachulcers.

A) cohort;Individualsareobservedoveralongperiodoftime.

B) cross–sectional;Informationiscollectedataspecificpointintime.

C) retrospective;Individualsareaskedtolookbackintime.

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3) Aresearcherwantedtodeterminewhetherwomenwithchildrenaremorelikelytodevelopanxietydisorders

thanwomenwithoutchildren.Sheselectedasampleof900twenty–yearoldwomenandfollowedthemfora

twenty–yearperiod.Atthestartofthestudy,noneofthewomenhadchildren.Bytheendofthestudy53%of

thewomenhadatleastonechild.Thelevelofanxietyofeachparticipantwasevaluatedatthebeginningand

attheendofthestudyandtheincrease(ordecrease)inanxietywasrecorded.Theresearchersanalyzedthe

resultstodeterminewhethertherewasanassociationbetweenanxietyandhavingchildren.

A) cohort;Individualsareobservedoveralongperiodoftime.

B) cross–sectional;Informationiscollectedataspecificpointintime.

C) retrospective;Individualsareaskedtolookbackintime.

4) VitaminDisimportantforthemetabolismofcalciumandexposuretosunshineisanimportantsourceof

vitaminD.Aresearcherwantedtodeterminewhetherosteoperosiswasassociatedwithalackofexposureto

sunshine.Heselectedasampleof250womenwithosteoperosisandanequalnumberofwomenwithout

osteoperosis.Thetwogroupswerematched–inotherwordstheyweresimilarintermsofage,diet,

occupation,andexerciselevels.Historiesonexposuretosunshineovertheprevioustwentyyearswere

obtainedforallwomen.Thetotalnumberofhoursthateachwomanhadbeenexposedtosunshineinthe

previoustwentyyearswasestimated.Theamountofexposuretosunshinewascomparedforthetwogroups.

A) retrospective;Individualsareaskedtolookbackintime

B) cross–sectional;Informationiscollectedataspecificpointintime.

C) cohort;Individualsareobservedoveralongperiodoftime.

5) Canmoneybuyhappiness?Aresearcherwantedtodeterminewhethertherewasanyassociationbetween

economicstatusandhappiness.Sheselectedasampleof1000adultsandinterviewedthem.Eachpersonwas

askedabouttheirfinancialsituationandtheirlevelofhappinesswasevaluated.Theresearcheranalyzedthe

resultstodeterminewhethertherewasanassociationbetweeneconomicstatusandhappiness.

A) cross–sectional;Informationiscollectedataspecificpointintime.

B) cohort;Individualsareobservedoveralongperiodoftime.

C) retrospective;Individualsareaskedtolookbackintime.

6) Aresearcherwantedtodeterminewhethercoloncancerwasassociatedwitheatingmeat.Heselectedasample

of500menwithcoloncancerandanequalnumberofmenwithoutcoloncancer.Thetwogroupswere

matched–inotherwordstheyweresimilarintermsofage,occupation,income,andexerciselevels.Histories

ontheamountofmeatconsumedovertheprevioustwentyyearswereobtainedforallmen.Thetotalamount

ofmeatthateachmaneatenintheprevioustwentyyearswasestimated.Themeatconsumptionwascompared

forthetwogroups.

A) retrospective;Individualsareaskedtolookbackintime

B) cross–sectional;Informationiscollectedataspecificpointintime.

C) cohort;Individualsareobservedoveralongperiodoftime.

1.3 SimpleRandomSampling

1 Obtainasimplerandomsample.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Provideanappropriateresponse.

1) Thegovernmentofatownneedstodetermineifthecityʹsresidentswillsupporttheconstructionofanew

townhall.Thegovernmentdecidestoconductasurveyofasampleofthecityʹsresidents.Whichoneofthe

followingprocedureswouldbemostappropriateforobtainingasampleofthetownʹsresidents?

A) Surveyarandomsampleofpersonswithineachgeographicregionofthecity.

B) Surveyarandomsampleofemployeesattheoldcityhall.

C) Surveyevery7thpersonwhowalksintocityhallonagivenday.

D) Surveythefirst300peoplelistedinthetownʹstelephonedirectory.

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2) Thecitycouncilofasmalltownneedstodetermineifthetownʹsresidentswillsupportthebuildingofanew

library.Thecouncildecidestoconductasurveyofasampleofthetownʹsresidents.Whichoneofthefollowing

procedureswouldbemostappropriateforobtainingasampleofthetownʹsresidents?

A) Surveyarandomsampleofpersonswithineachneighborhoodofthetown.

B) Surveyarandomsampleoflibrarianswholiveinthetown.

C) Survey500individualswhoarerandomlyselectedfromalistofallpeoplelivinginthestateinwhichthe

townislocated.

D) Surveyevery7thpersonwhoenterstheoldlibraryonagivenday.

3) ThepolicycommitteeatStateUniversityhas6members:LaToyna

Ming



ose



ohn

Prof.Rise

and

Dr.Hernandez.Asubcommitteeoftwomembersmustbeformedtoinvestigatethevisitationpolicyinthe

dormitories.Listallpossiblesimplerandomsamplesofsize2.

A) LaToynaandMing

LaToynaand

ose

LaToyna and

ohn

LaToyna andProf.Rise

LaToyna and

Dr.Hernandez,MingandJose,MingandJohn,MingandProf.Rise,MingandDr.Hernandez,Joseand

John,JoseandProf.Rise,JoseandDr.Hernandez,JohnandProf.Rise,JohnandDr.Hernandez,

Prof.RiseandDr.Hernandez

B) LaToynaandMing



oseand

ohn

Prof.Rise andDr.Hernandez

C) LaToynaandMing

Mingand

ose



ose and

ohn



ohn andProf.Rise

Prof.RiseandDr.Hernandez

D) LaToynaandMing

LaToynaand

ose

LaToyna and

ohn

LaToyna andProf.Rise

LaToyna and

Dr.Hernandez

4) Selectarandomsampleoffivestatecapitalsfromthelistbelowusingthetwodigitlistofrandomnumbers

provided.Beginwiththeuppermostleftrandomnumberandproceeddowneachcolumn.Whenacolumnis

complete,usethenumbersatthetopofthenextrightcolumnandproceeddownthatcolumn.

StateCapitals

A) Springfield,IL;Atlanta,GA;Providence,RI;SantaFe,NM;ColumbusOH.

B) Springfield,IL;DesMoines,IA;Boston,MA;SantaFe,NM;ColumbusOH.

C) CarsonCityNV;BoiseID;Atlanta,GA;Cheyenne,WY;Boston,MA.

D) Boston,MA;Concord,NH;DoverDE;SantaFe,NM;Richmond,VA.

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5) Thetop38citiesinWisconsinasdeterminedbypopulationaregivenbelow.Selectarandomsampleoffour

citiesfromthelistbelowusingthetwodigitlistofrandomnumbersprovided.Beginwiththeuppermostleft

randomnumberandproceeddowneachcolumn.Whenacolumniscomplete,usethenumbersatthetopof

thenextrightcolumnandproceeddownthatcolumn.Informationwasobtainedfromthewebsite

http://www.citypopulation.de/USA–Wisconsin.html.

WisconsinCitiesbyPopulation

A) Manitowoc,LaCrosse,Franklin,Oshkosh.

B) Manitowoc,Appleton,Greenfield,FondduLac.

C) Milwaukee,Madison,GreenBay,Kenosha.

D) Milwaukee,EauClaire,NewBerlin,WestBend.

1.4 OtherEffectiveSamplingMethods

1 Obtainstratified,systematic,andclustersamples.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Identifythetypeofsamplingused.

1) Thirty–fivemathmajors,29musicmajorsand26 historymajorsarerandomlyselectedfrom585 mathmajors,

279musicmajorsand393historymajorsatthestateuniversity.Whatsamplingtechniqueisused?

A) stratified

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) convenience

E) systematic

2) Everyfifthadultenteringanairportischeckedforextrasecurityscreening.Whatsamplingtechniqueisused?

A) systematic

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) convenience

E) stratified

3) Atalocaltechnicalschool,fiveautorepairclassesarerandomlyselectedandallofthestudentsfromeachclass

areinterviewed.Whatsamplingtechniqueisused?

A) cluster

B) simplerandom

C) convenience

D) systematic

E) stratified

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4) Awriterforanartmagazinerandomlyselectsandinterviewsfiftymaleandfiftyfemaleartists.Whatsampling

techniqueisused?

A) stratified

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) convenience

E) systematic

5) Atravelindustryresearcherinterviewsallofthepassengersonfiverandomlyselectedcruises.Whatsampling

techniqueisused?

A) cluster

B) simplerandom

C) convenience

D) systematic

E) stratified

6) Astatisticsstudentinterviewseveryoneinhisapartmentbuildingtodeterminewhoownsacellphone.What

samplingtechniqueisused?

A) convenience

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) systematic

E) stratified

7) Alobbyistfortheoilindustryassignsanumbertoeachsenatorandthenusesacomputertorandomly

generatetennumbers.Thelobbyistcontactsthesenatorscorrespondingtothesenumbers.Whatsampling

techniquewasused?

A) simplerandom

B) convenience

C) cluster

D) stratified

E) systematic

8) Basedon9000responsesfrom26,500questionnairessenttoallitsmembers,amajormedicalassociation

estimatedthattheannualsalaryofitsmemberswas$99,000peryear.Whatsamplingtechniquewasused?

A) simplerandom

B) stratified

C) cluster

D) convenience

E) systematic

9) Inarecentonlinesurvey,participantswereaskedtoanswerʺyesʺorʺnoʺtothequestionʺAreyouinfavorof

stricterguncontrol?ʺ6571respondedʺyesʺwhile4137respondedʺnoʺ.Therewasafifty–centchargeforthe

call.Whatsamplingtechniquewasused?

A) convenience

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) stratified

E) systematic

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10) Asampleconsistsofevery30thworkerfromagroupof1000workers.Whatsamplingtechniquewasused?

A) systematic

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) stratified

E) convenience

11) Amarketresearcherrandomlyselects100homeownersunder60 yearsofageand200homeownersover60

yearsofage.Whatsamplingtechniquewasused?

A) stratified

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) convenience

E) systematic

12) Toavoidworkinglate,theplantforemaninspectsthefirst40microwavesproducedthatday.Whatsampling

techniquewasused?

A) convenience

B) simplerandom

C) cluster

D) stratified

E) systematic

13) Thenamesof30employeesarewrittenon30cards.Thecardsareplacedinabag,andthreenamesarepicked

fromthebag.Whatsamplingtechniquewasused?

A) simplerandom

B) stratified

C) cluster

D) convenience

E) systematic

14) Aneducationresearcherrandomlyselects60 ofthenationʹsjuniorcollegesandinterviewsalloftheprofessors

ateachschool.Whatsamplingtechniquewasused?

A) cluster

B) simplerandom

C) stratified

D) convenience

E) systematic

Provideanappropriateresponse.

15) TheUnitedStatescanbedividedintofourgeographicalregions:Northeast,South,Midwest,andWest.The

Northeastregionconsistsof9states;theSouthregionconsistsof16states;theMidwestconsistsof12states;

andtheWestconsistsof13states.Ifasurveyistobeadministeredtothegovernorsof10ofthestatesandwe

wantequalrepresentationforthestatesineachofthefourregions,howmanystatesfromtheSouthshouldbe

selected?Roundtothenearestwholestate.

A) 3 B) 4 C) 2 D) 5

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1.5 BiasinSampling

1 Explainthesourcesofbiasinsampling.

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.

Provideanappropriateresponse.

1) Anonlinenewspaperconductedasurveybyasking,ʺDoyousupporttheloweringofairqualitystandardsifit

couldcausethedeathofmillionsofinnocentpeoplefrompollutionrelateddiseases?ʺDeterminethetypeof

bias.

2) Alocalhardwarestorewantstoknowifitscustomersaresatisfiedwiththecustomerservicetheyreceive.The

storepostsanintervieweratthefrontofthestoretoaskthefirst100shopperswholeavethestore,ʺHow

satisfied,onascaleof1to10,wereyouwiththisstoreʹscustomerservice?ʺDeterminethetypeofbias.

3) Beforeopeninganewdealership,anautomanufacturerwantstogatherinformationaboutcarownershipand

drivinghabitsofthelocalresidents.Themarketingmanagerofthecompanyrandomlyselects1000households

fromallhouseholdsintheareaandmailsaquestionnairetothem.Ofthe1000surveysmailed,shereceives100

back.Determinethetypeofbias.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

4) Whichtypeofbiasoccursbecausewedonotobtaincompleteinformationaboutapopulation?

A) samplingbias B) responsebias C) nonresponsebias D) nobias

5) Aresearcherwantstostudytheeffectsofadvertisingbyfemalemodelsuponhighschoolboysinsmall

Midwesterntowns.TheresearchmethodologycallsforselectingseveralsmallMidwesterntownsthathave

highschools.Whatistheframeforthisstudy?

A) allhighschoolboysfromsmallMidwesterntowns

B) allstudentsattendinghighschoolfromsmallMidwesterntowns

C) highschoolboysfromthesmallMidwesterntownsselected

D) highschoolstudentsfromthesmallMidwesterntownsselected

6) Multiplechoicequestionsonatestthatincludeasoneofthechoicesʺnoneoftheaboveʺareanexampleof

whattypeofquestion?

A) closedquestion B) openquestion

C) framingquestion D) readerresponsequestion

1.6 TheDesignofExperiments

1 Describethecharacteristicsofanexperiment.

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.

Provideanappropriateresponse.

1) Whatisadesignedexperiment?

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

2) Thevariablemeasuredintheexperimentiscalled____________.

A) theresponsevariable B) asamplingunit

C) thetreatment D) thepredictorvariable

3) Theobjectuponwhichtheresponsevariableismeasurediscalled________.

A) anexperimentalunit B) thefactor

C) thepredictorvariable D) atreatment

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4) __________isaconditionappliedtotheexperimentalunitsinvolvedinanexperiment.

A) Atreatment B) Thesamplingdesign

C) Thefactorlevel D) Thedesign

5) Anexperimentinwhichtheexperimentalunit(orsubject)doesnotknowwhichtreatmentheorsheis

receivingiscalleda________________.

A) single–

lindexperiment B) double–

lindexperiment

C) randomizedblockdesign D) matched–pairsdesign

6) Anexperimentinwhichneithertheexperimentalunitnortheresearcherincontactwiththeexperimentalunit

knowswhichtreatmenttheexperimentalunitisreceivingiscalleda________________.

A) double–

lindexperiment B) single–

lindexperiment

C) randomizedblockdesign D) matched–pairsdesign

2 Explainthestepsindesigninganexperiment.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Provideanappropriateresponse.

1) Asalesmanboaststoafarmerthathisnewfertilizerwillincreasetheyieldofthefarmerʹscropsby15%.The

farmerwishestotesttheeffectsofthenewfertilizeronhercornyield.Shehasfourequalsizedplotsofland

onewithsandysoil,onewithrockysoil,onewithclay–richsoil,andonewithaveragesoil.Shedivideseach

ofthefourplotsintothreeequalsizedportionsandrandomlylabelsthemA,BandC.ThefourAportionsare

treatedwithheroldfertilizer.ThefourBportionsaretreatedwiththenewfertilizer.ThefourCportions

receivenofertilizer.Atharvesttime,thecornyieldisrecordedforeachsectionofland.Whatistheclaimshe

istesting?

A) Thenewfertilizeryieldedatleasta15%improvement.

B) Thetotalyieldincreasedatleast15%.

C) TheAsectionshadatleasta15%increaseinyield.

D) Theaveragesoilfieldhadatleasta15%increaseinyield.

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.

2) Whatisafactor?

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

3) Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutfactors?

A) Factorswhoseeffectontheresponsevariableisnotofinterestcanbesetaftertheexperiment.

B) Factorswhoseeffectontheresponsevariableinterestsusshouldbesetatpredeterminedlevels.

C) Onewaytocontrolfactorsistofixtheirlevelatonepredeterminedvaluethroughouttheexperiment.

D) Anycombinationofthevaluesofthefactorsiscalledatreatment.

4) Whatwillhelpinsurethattheeffectofatreatmentisnotduetosomecharacteristicofasingleexperimental

unit?

A) replication B)

linding C) randomizing D)

locking

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3 Explainthecompletelyrandomized,matched –pairs,andrandomizedblockdesigns.

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.

Provideanappropriateresponse.

1) Adrugcompanywantedtotestanewarthritis medication.Theresearchersfound700adultsaged25–35and

randomlyassignedthemtotwogroups.Thefirstgroupreceivedthenewdrug,whilethesecondreceiveda

placebo.Afteronemonthoftreatment,thepercentageofeachgroupwhosearthritissymptomsdecreasedwas

recordedandcompared.Whatistheresponsevariableinthisexperiment?

A) thepercentagewhohaddecreasedarthritis symptoms

B) thetypeofdrug(medicationorplacebo)

C) the700adultsaged25–35

D) theonemonthtreatmenttime

2) Adrugcompanywantedtotestanewindigestion medication.Theresearchersfound700adultsaged25–35

andrandomlyassignedthemtotwogroups.Thefirstgroupreceivedthenewdrug,whilethesecondreceived

aplacebo.Afteronemonthoftreatment,thepercentageofeachgroupwhoseindigestionsymptomsdecreased

wasrecordedandcompared.Whatisthetreatmentinthisexperiment?

A) thedrug

B) thepercentagewhohaddecreasedindigestion symptoms

C) the700adultsaged25–35

D) theonemonthtreatmenttime

3) Adrugcompanywantedtotestanewindigestion medication.Theresearchersfound400adultsaged25–35

andrandomlyassignedthemtotwogroups.Thefirstgroupreceivedthenewdrug,whilethesecondreceived

aplacebo.Afteronemonthoftreatment,thepercentageofeachgroupwhoseindigestionsymptomsdecreased

wasrecordedandcompared.Howmanylevelsdoesthetreatmentinthisexperimenthave?

A) 2(medicationorplacebo) B) 400(numberofrespondents)

C) 1(monthsoftreatment) D) 10(agespanofrespondents)

4) Adrugcompanywantedtotestanewarthritis medication.Theresearchersfound300adultsaged25–35and

randomlyassignedthemtotwogroups.Thefirstgroupreceivedthenewdrug,whilethesecondreceiveda

placebo.Afteronemonthoftreatment,thepercentageofeachgroupwhosearthritissymptomsdecreasedwas

recordedandcompared.Whattypeofexperimentaldesignisthis?

A) completelyrandomizeddesign B) randomizedblockdesign

C) matched–pairsdesign D) single–

linddesign

5) Adrugcompanywantedtotestanewarthritis medication.Theresearchersfound500adultsaged25–35 and

randomlyassignedthemtotwogroups.Thefirstgroupreceivedthenewdrug,whilethesecondreceiveda

placebo.Afteronemonthoftreatment,thepercentageofeachgroupwhosearthritissymptomsdecreasedwas

recordedandcompared.Identifytheexperimentalunits.

A) the500adultsaged25–35

B) thepercentagewhohaddecreasedarthritis symptoms

C) thedrug(medicationorplacebo)

D) theonemonthtreatmenttime

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6) Amedicaljournalpublishedtheresultsofanexperimentonanxiety.Theexperimentinvestigatedtheeffectsof

acontroversialnewtherapyforanxiety.Researchersmeasuredtheanxietylevelsof69adultwomenwhosuffer

moderateconditionsofthedisorder.Afterthetherapy,theresearchersagainmeasuredthewomenʹsanxiety

levels.Thedifferencesbetweenthethepre–andpost–therapyanxietylevelswerereported.Whatisthe

responsevariableinthisexperiment?

A) thedifferencesbetweenthethepre–andpost–therapyanxiety levels

B) the69adultwomenwhosufferfromanxiety

C) thedisorder(anxietyornoanxiety)

D) thetherapy

7) Amedicaljournalpublishedtheresultsofanexperimentoninsomnia.Theexperimentinvestigatedtheeffects

ofacontroversialnewtherapyforinsomnia.Researchersmeasuredtheinsomnialevelsof92adultwomenwho

suffermoderateconditionsofthedisorder.Afterthetherapy,theresearchersagainmeasuredthewomenʹs

insomnialevels.Thedifferencesbetweenthethepre–andpost–therapyinsomnialevelswerereported.Whatis

thetreatmentinthisexperiment?

A) thetherapy

B) the92adultwomenwhosufferfrominsomnia

C) thedisorder(insomniaornoinsomnia)

D) thedifferencesbetweenthethepre–andpost–therapyinsomnia levels

8) Amedicaljournalpublishedtheresultsofanexperimentonanxiety.Theexperimentinvestigatedtheeffectsof

acontroversialnewtherapyforanxiety.Researchersmeasuredtheanxietylevelsof65adultwomenwhosuffer

moderateconditionsofthedisorder.Afterthetherapy,theresearchersagainmeasuredthewomenʹsanxiety

levels.Thedifferencesbetweenthethepre–andpost–therapyanxietylevelswerereported.Howmanylevels

doesthetreatmenthaveinthisexperiment?

A) 2(pre–andpost–therapy)

B) 1(therapy)

C) 65(theadultwomenwhosufferfromanxiety)

D) 130(theadultwomenwhosufferfromanxiety measuredpre–andpost–therapy)

9) Amedicaljournalpublishedtheresultsofanexperimentoninsomnia.Theexperimentinvestigatedtheeffects

ofacontroversialnewtherapyforinsomnia.Researchersmeasuredtheinsomnialevelsof40adultwomenwho

suffermoderateconditionsofthedisorder.Afterthetherapy,theresearchersagainmeasuredthewomenʹs

insomnialevels.Thedifferencesbetweenthethepre–andpost–therapyinsomnialevelswerereported.What

typeofexperimentaldesignisthis?

A) matched–pairsdesign B) completelyrandomizeddesign

C) randomizedblockdesign D) single–

linddesign

10) Amedicaljournalpublishedtheresultsofanexperimentoninsomnia.Theexperimentinvestigatedtheeffects

ofacontroversialnewtherapyforinsomnia.Researchersmeasuredtheinsomnialevelsof90adultwomenwho

suffermoderateconditionsofthedisorder.Afterthetherapy,theresearchersagainmeasuredthewomenʹs

insomnialevels.Thedifferencesbetweenthethepre–andpost–therapyinsomnialevelswerereported.

Identifytheexperimentalunits.

A) the90adultwomenwhosufferfrominsomnia

B) thedifferencesbetweenthepre–andpost–therapyinsomnia levels

C) thedisorder(insomniaornoinsomnia)

D) thetherapytimeperiod(preorpost)

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11) Afarmerwishestotesttheeffectsofanewfertilizeronherpotato yield.Shehasfourequal–sizedplotsof

land—onewithsandysoil,onewithrockysoil,onewithclay–richsoil,andonewithaveragesoil.Shedivides

eachofthefourplotsintothreeequal–sizedportionsandrandomlylabelsthemA,B,andC.ThefourA

portionsoflandaretreatedwithheroldfertilizer.ThefourBportionsaretreatedwiththenewfertilizer,and

thefourCʹsaretreatedwithnofertilizer.Atharvesttime,thepotatoyieldisrecordedforeachsectionofland.

Whatistheresponsevariableinthisexperiment?

A) thepotatoyieldrecordedforeachsectionofland

B) thetypeoffertilizer(old,new,ornone)

C) thesectionofland(A,B,orC)

D) thefourtypesofsoil

12) Afarmerwishestotesttheeffectsofanewfertilizeronhersoybean yield.Shehasfourequal–sizedplotsof

land—onewithsandysoil,onewithrockysoil,onewithclay–richsoil,andonewithaveragesoil.Shedivides

eachofthefourplotsintothreeequal–sizedportionsandrandomlylabelsthemA,B,andC.ThefourA

portionsoflandaretreatedwithheroldfertilizer.ThefourBportionsaretreatedwiththenewfertilizer,and

thefourCʹsaretreatedwithnofertilizer.Atharvesttime,thesoybeanyieldisrecordedforeachsectionofland.

Whatisthetreatmentinthisexperiment?

A) thefertilizers

B) thesoybeanyieldrecordedforeachsectionofland

C) thesectionofland(A,B,orC)

D) thefourtypesofsoil

13) Afarmerwishestotesttheeffectsofanewfertilizeronherpotato yield.Shehasfourequal–sizedplotsof

land—onewithsandysoil,onewithrockysoil,onewithclay–richsoil,andonewithaveragesoil.Shedivides

eachofthefourplotsintothreeequal–sizedportionsandrandomlylabelsthemA,B,andC.ThefourA

portionsoflandaretreatedwithheroldfertilizer.ThefourBportionsaretreatedwiththenewfertilizer,and

thefourCʹsaretreatedwithnofertilizer.Atharvesttime,thepotatoyieldisrecordedforeachsectionofland.

Howmanylevelsdoesthetreatmenthaveinthisexperiment?

A) 3(old,new,ornofertilizer) B) 4(rocky,sandy,clay,oraveragesoil)

C) 12(sectionsofland) D) 1(potato yield)

14) Afarmerwishestotesttheeffectsofanewfertilizeronhertomato yield.Shehasfourequal–sizedplotsof

land—onewithsandysoil,onewithrockysoil,onewithclay–richsoil,andonewithaveragesoil.Shedivides

eachofthefourplotsintothreeequal–sizedportionsandrandomlylabelsthemA,B,andC.ThefourA

portionsoflandaretreatedwithheroldfertilizer.ThefourBportionsaretreatedwiththenewfertilizer,and

thefourCʹsaretreatedwithnofertilizer.Atharvesttime,thetomatoyieldisrecordedforeachsectionofland.

Whattypeofexperimentaldesignisthis?

A) randomizedblockdesign B) completelyrandomizeddesign

C) matched–pairsdesign D) double–

linddesign

15) Afarmerwishestotesttheeffectsofanewfertilizeronhertomato yield.Shehasfourequal–sizedplotsof

land—onewithsandysoil,onewithrockysoil,onewithclay–richsoil,andonewithaveragesoil.Shedivides

eachofthefourplotsintothreeequal–sizedportionsandrandomlylabelsthemA,B,andC.ThefourA

portionsoflandaretreatedwithheroldfertilizer.ThefourBportionsaretreatedwiththenewfertilizer,and

thefourCʹsaretreatedwithnofertilizer.Atharvesttime,thetomatoyieldisrecordedforeachsectionofland.

Identifytheexperimentalunits.

A) thetomatoplantsonthevariousplotsofland B) thetomato yieldatharvesttime

C) thethreetypesoffertilizer D) thefourtypesofsoil

16) Whentheeffectsoftheexplanatoryvariableupontheresponsevariablecannotbedetermined,then

A) confoundinghasoccurred. B) a lurkingvariableispresent.

C) thereissamplingerror. D) theclaimisinvalid.

Page17

Ch.1 DataCollection

AnswerKey

1.1 IntroductiontothePracticeofStatistics

1 Definestatisticsandstatisticalthinking.

2 Explaintheprocessofstatistics.

3 Distinguishbetweenqualitativeandquantitativevariables.

4 Distinguishbetweendiscreteandcontinuousvariables.

5 Determinethelevelofmeasurementofavariable.

1.2 ObservationalStudiesversusDesignedExperiments

1 Distinguishbetweenanobservationalstudyandanexperiment.

2 Explainthevarioustypesofobservationalstudies.

1.3 SimpleRandomSampling

1 Obtainasimplerandomsample.

1.4 OtherEffectiveSamplingMethods

1 Obtainstratified,systematic,andclustersamples.

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1.5 BiasinSampling

1 Explainthesourcesofbiasinsampling.

1.6 TheDesignofExperiments

1 Describethecharacteristicsofanexperiment.

2 Explainthestepsindesigninganexperiment.

3 Explainthecompletelyrandomized,matched –pairs,andrandomizedblockdesigns.

Page20