Neither is achieved in MC markets.
D) Allocative efficiency is achieved only in PC markets. Productive efficiency is
achieved only in MC markets.
The difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay for a good and
the price the consumer actually pays is called
A) producer surplus.
B) the substitution effect.
C) the income effect.
D) consumer surplus.
Article Summary. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), increased
oil production resulting from U.S. shale oil has invigorated the North American oil
industry and has created a global supply shock. The shale oil and gas industry has
generated tens of billions of dollars in revenues and hundreds of thousands of new
jobs, and could result in the United States changing from being the world’s largest
oil importer to a net exporter within a few years. An IEA forecast predicts that
because of shale oil, the United States will become the world’s largest oil producer
by 2017, with supply growing by 3.9 million barrels per day from 2012-2018.
Source: Denise Roland, and AFP, “US shale energy creates global oil ‘supply
shock’,” Telegraph, May 14, 2013.
The supply shock mentioned in the article summary may well result in a decrease in the
price of oil. When the price of oil falls unexpectedly, the equilibrium price level
________ and the unemployment rate ________ in the short run.