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Chapter 12

280 Chapter 12 ฀■ MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ

Chapter Twelve

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ

Name: ______________________________

In the box write the letter of the choice that is the definition of the term or best answers the

question. There is only one correct answer for each question.

1. Tubes that bifurcate from the

windpipe: ……………………………………..

A. Alveoli

B. Bronchioles

C. Sinuses

D. Adenoids

E. Bronchi

2. Uppermost portion of the lung: ………..

A. Hilum

B. Apex

C. Base

D. Lobe

E. Diaphragm

3. Space between the lungs in the

chest: ………………………………………….

A. Pleura

B. Peritoneum

C. Mediastinum

D. Trachea

E. Bronchial tubes

4. Nasopharyngeal lymphatic tissue: …….

A. Mucosa

B. Adenoids

C. Visceral pleura

D. Paranasal sinuses

E. Epiglottis

5. Pulmonary parenchyma: …………………

A. Trachea

B. Pharynx

C. Alveoli and bronchioles

D. Red blood cells

E. Cilia

6. Removal of the voice box: ……………….

A. Larnygectomy

B. Pharnygectomy

C. Laryngectomy

D. Esophagectomy

E. Pharyngectomy

7. Phren/o means: …………………………….

A. Lung

B. Chest

C. Membrane around the lung

D. Air sac

E. Diaphragm

8. Medical term for a condition of

decreased oxygen in the blood: …………

A. Hematemesis

B. Paroxysmal

C. Hypoxemia

D. Hemorrhage

E. Hemoptysis

9. Type of pneumoconiosis: ………………..

A. Asbestosis

B. Pyothorax

C. Atelectasis

D. Pneumonia

E. Epiglottis

10. Breathing is easier in an upright

position: ………………………………………

A. Dysphonia

B. Hemothorax

C. Dyspnea

D. Orthopnea

E. Anosmia

11. Collection of pus in the pleural

cavity: …………………………………………

A. Cyanosis

B. Pleuritis

C. Hemoptysis

D. Pyothorax

E. Pneumothorax

12. Sharp, short blows to the surface

of the chest: …………………………………

A. Auscultation

B. Percussion

C. Stridor

D. Rales

E. Expectoration

13. The “P” in DPT stands for: …………….

A. Pneumonia

B. Pertussis

C. Pleurisy

D. Pneumothorax

E. Pulmonary

Chapter 12 ฀■ MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ 281

14. Stridor occurs in which upper

respiratory disorder? ………………………

A. Croup

B. Diphtheria

C. Asthma

D. Epistaxis

E. Pneumonia

15. Difficult breathing: ………………………..

A. Anosmia

B. Dyspnea

C. Dysphonia

D. Tachypnea

E. Hypoxia

16. Bronchial airway obstruction marked

by paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing,

and cough: …………………………………..

A. Pleurisy

B. Epistaxis

C. Cor pulmonale

D. Diphtheria

E. Asthma

17. Collapsed lung: ……………………………..

A. Pneumonitis

B. Endotracheal

C. Thoracotomy

D. Atelectasis

E. Tracheoesophageal fistula

18. Material is expelled from the lungs: ….

A. Rhinorrhea

B. Bronchiolitis

C. Sinusitis

D. Expiration

E. Expectoration

19. Localized area of pus formation

in the lungs: …………………………………

A. Pulmonary edema

B. Pulmonary embolism

C. Pleural effusion

D. Pulmonary abscess

E. Pleurisy

20. Spitting up blood from the

lungs: ………………………………………….

A. Pleurodynia

B. Hematemesis

C. Hemothorax

D. Hydrothorax

E. Hemoptysis

21. Tube is placed through the mouth

to the trachea to establish an airway: …

A. Endotracheal intubation

B. Tracheostomy

C. Tracheotomy

D. Thoracentesis

E. Laryngoscopy

22. PPD: …………………………………………..

A. Pulmonary function test

B. Type of lung x-ray

C. Drug used to treat pneumonia

D. Tuberculin test

E. None of the above

23. Airway obstruction associated with

emphysema and chronic bronchitis …..

A. RDS

B. COPD

C. CPR

D. SOB

E. IPPB

24. Which of the following is an

endoscopic examination? ………………..

A. Tracheostomy

B. Lung scan

C. Thoracentesis

D. Bronchoscopy

E. Auscultation

25. Hypercapnia: ………………………………..

A. Increased oxygen to the tissues

B. High blood pressure

C. High carbon dioxide levels in the blood

D. Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood

E. Decreased oxygen in the blood

282 Chapter 12 ฀■ VOCABULARY QUIZ

Chapter Twelve

VOCABULARY QUIZ

Name: ______________________________

(textbook pages 484–485)

A. Match the following terms with their meanings below:

adenoids bronchi

alveolus cilia

apex of the lung diaphragm

base of the lung epiglottis

bronchioles expiration

1. Thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the

respiratory tract ___________________________________________________________________

2. Lower portion of the lung ___________________________________________________________

3. Branches of the trachea leading into the lungs __________________________________________

4. Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx __________________________________________________

5. Tip or uppermost portion of the lung __________________________________________________

6. Breathing out (exhalation) __________________________________________________________

7. Small branches of the tubes leading into the lungs _______________________________________

8. Muscle separating the chest and abdomen ______________________________________________

9. Air sac in the lung _________________________________________________________________

10. Lid-like piece of cartilage covering the larynx ___________________________________________

B. Match the following terms with their meanings below:

glottis mediastinum

hilum of the lung nares

inspiration palatine tonsil

larynx paranasal sinus

lobe of the lung pharynx

1. Voice box ________________________________________________________________________

2. One of a pair of masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx ______________________________

3. Openings through the nose carrying air into the air passageways ___________________________

4. Breathing in ______________________________________________________________________

5. Slit-like opening to the voice box _____________________________________________________

6. Region between the lungs in the thoracic cavity _________________________________________

7. Throat __________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 12 ฀■ VOCABULARY QUIZ 283

8. One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose ________________________________________

9. Division of the lung ________________________________________________________________

10. Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the

lungs ____________________________________________________________________________

C. Match the following terms with their meanings below:

carbon dioxide pulmonary parenchyma

oxygen respiration

parietal pleura trachea

pleural cavity visceral pleura

1. Gas that passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels

to all body cells ___________________________________________________________________

2. Space between the double-folded membrane surrounding each lung ________________________

3. Inner fold of membrane surrounding each lung and closest

to the lung tissue __________________________________________________________________

4. Windpipe ________________________________________________________________________

5. Essential parts of the lung responsible for respiration;

bronchioles and alveoli _____________________________________________________________

6. Gas that is exhaled through the lungs _________________________________________________

7. Process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing ________________________________

8. Outer fold of membrane surround each lung and lying closest to the ribs ____________________

284 Chapter 12 ฀■ TERMINOLOGY QUIZ

Chapter Twelve

TERMINOLOGY QUIZ

Name: ______________________________

(textbook pages 465–470)

A. Using the following word parts, build or complete medical terms from the definitions below:

adenoid/o capn/o -al -itis

alveol/o coni/o -ar -osis

bronch/o epiglott/o -ectasis -spasm

bronchi/o pleur/o -ectomy -trophy

bronchiol/o pneum/o -ia hyper–

1. Pertaining to an air sac: ____________________________________________________________

2. Dilation of a bronchial tube: _________________________________________________________

3. Increased development of adenoids: adenoid hyper _______________________________________

4. Inflammation of small bronchi: ______________________________________________________

5. Tightening (involuntary contraction of muscles) of a bronchus: ____________________________

6. Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs: _______________________________________________

7. Removal of the adenoids: ___________________________________________________________

8. An abnormal connection between a bronchial tube and the pleural cavity: _______________ fistula

9. High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood: _____________________________________________

10. Inflammation of the piece of cartilage over the trachea: ___________________________________

B. Using the following word parts, build or complete medical terms from the definitions below:

cyan/o ox/o -itis

laryng/o pector/o -pnea

lob/o -al -scopy

mediastin/o -ectomy -spasm

nas/o -eal ex-

orth/o -ia para-

1. Inflammation of the voice box: _______________________________________________________

2. Visual examination of the central area of the chest: ______________________________________

3. Involuntary contraction of muscles in the voice box: _____________________________________

4. Bluish discoloration of the skin: ___________________________________________________ osis

5. Cavities within the skull near the nose: __________________________________________ sinuses

6. Removal of a lobe of the lung: ________________________________________________________

7. Pertaining to the voice box: _________________________________________________________

Chapter 12 ฀■ TERMINOLOGY QUIZ 285

8. Breathing is easier in an upright position: ______________________________________________

9. Process of expelling sputum from the chest: _________________________________________ tion

10. Condition of decreased oxygen: hyp ___________________________________________________

C. Using the following word parts, build or complete medical terms from the definitions below:

pharyng/o pneum/o -al -ectomy

phon/o pneumon/o -ary -ia

phren/o pulmon/o -dynia -rrhea

pleur/o rhin/o -eal -plasty

1. Pain associated with the chest muscles: pleuro __________________________________________

2. Hoarseness (abnormal sound) of the voice: dys __________________________________________

3. Pertaining to the throat: ____________________________________________________________

4. Discharge from the nose: ___________________________________________________________

5. Nerve that sends messages to the diaphragm: _____________________________________ ic nerve

6. Removal of a lung: _________________________________________________________________

7. Accumulation of air in the chest: ________________________________________________ thorax

8. Collection of fluid in the space surrounding the lungs: ____________________________ effusion

9. Pertaining to the lungs: ____________________________________________________________

10. Surgical repair of the nose: __________________________________________________________

D. Using the following word parts, build or complete medical terms from the definitions below:

py/o tel/o -ectasis -itis

sinus/o thorac/o -ectomy -meter

spir/o tonsill/o -ema -tomy

sten/o trache/o -ic re-

1. Condition of collapsed lung: a ________________________________________________________

2. Incision of the chest: _______________________________________________________________

3. Inflammation of cavities in the skull: __________________________________________________

4. Rhythmic changes in breathing: Cheyne-Stokes _______________________________________ion

5. Removal of the tonsils: _____________________________________________________________

6. Instrument to measure breathing: ____________________________________________________

7. Incision of the windpipe: ____________________________________________________________

8. Pertaining to the chest: _____________________________________________________________

9. Narrowing of the windpipe: __________________________ eal _________________________ osis

10. Collection of pus in the pleural cavity: em ______________________________________________

286 Chapter 12 ฀■ TERMINOLOGY QUIZ

E. Using the following word parts, build or complete medical terms from the definitions below:

hem/o hyper– tachy-

py/o -ptysis a-

-osmia -sphyxia an-

-pnea -thorax dys-

1. Increase in depth of breathing: _______________________________________________________

2. Excessive or rapid breathing: ________________________________________________________

3. Blood in the chest (pleural space): hemo _______________________________________________

4. Not breathing: ____________________________________________________________________

5. Pus in the chest (pleural space): ______________________________________________________

6. Spitting up blood: _________________________________________________________________

7. Abnormal breathing (shortness of breath): _____________________________________________

8. No sense of smell: _________________________________________________________________

9. Lack of pulse: _____________________________________________________________________

Chapter 12 ฀■ PATHOLOGY QUIZ 287

Chapter Twelve

PATHOLOGY QUIZ

Name: ______________________________

(textbook pages 471–477)

A. Match the following diagnostic terms with their meanings below:

auscultation rhonchi

percussion sputum

pleural rub stridor

rales wheezes

1. Material expelled from the lungs or upper respiratory tract by spitting _______________________

2. Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing ______________________

3. Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in density of the

underlying structure _______________________________________________________________

4. Loud, rumbling sound heard on auscultation over bronchi obstructed

by sputum _______________________________________________________________________

5. Fine crackling sound heard on auscultation during inhalation _____________________________

6. Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces roughened by inflammation rubbing

against each other _________________________________________________________________

7. Listening to sounds within the body __________________________________________________

8. Strained, high-pitched sound made on inspiration; caused by obstruction in the pharynx or

larynx ___________________________________________________________________________

B. Match the following respiratory disorders with their explanations below.

asthma cystic fibrosis

atelectasis diphtheria

bronchiectasis emphysema

chronic bronchitis epistaxis

croup pertussis

1. Nosebleed ________________________________________________________________________

2. Acute viral infection of infants and children with laryngeal obstruction

and stridor _______________________________________________________________________

3. Chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the bronchial tree ___________________

4. Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick, mucous secretions in the respiratory tract

that do not drain normally __________________________________________________________

5. Chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchi with airway obstruction, bronchial edema, constriction,

and increased mucus production _____________________________________________________

288 Chapter 12 ฀■ PATHOLOGY QUIZ

6. Collapsed lung ____________________________________________________________________

7. Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long period of time; type

of COPD _________________________________________________________________________

8. Acute infection (membrane forms) of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by

Corynebacterium _________________________________________________________________

9. Whooping cough: highly infectious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea marked

by spasms of coughing _____________________________________________________________

10. Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls ________________________________

C. Match the following respiratory pathologic terminology with the descriptions below:

lung cancer sarcoidosis

mesothelioma pneumonia

pleural effusion pulmonary abscess

pleurisy pulmonary edema

pneumoconiosis pulmonary embolism

pulmonary fibrosis tuberculosis

1. Inflammation of pleura _____________________________________________________________

2. Chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph

nodes and other organs _____________________________________________________________

3. Clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung _______________________________________

4. Infectious disease of the lungs caused by bacilli (mycobacteria) ____________________________

5. Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or inflammatory

products _________________________________________________________________________

6. Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi; non–small cell and small cell are

types ____________________________________________________________________________

7. Collection of fluid in air sacs and bronchioles ___________________________________________

8. Dust in the lungs; chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis _________________________

9. Large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs __________________________________

10. Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs ______________________________

11. Abnormal accumulation of fluid the pleural space _______________________________________

12. Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura ____________________________________________

Chapter 12 ฀■ PATHOLOGY QUIZ 289

D. Match the following pathologic terms with their meanings below:

anthracosis cor pulmonale

asbestosis exudate

bacilli hydrothorax

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease infiltrate

palliative pulmonary infarction

paroxysmal purulent

pneumothorax silicosis

1. Failure of the right side of the heart to pump sufficient amount of blood to the

lungs ___________________________________________________________________________

2. Containing pus ___________________________________________________________________

3. Collection of air in the pleural space __________________________________________________

4. Pertaining to a sudden occurrence ____________________________________________________

5. Rod-shaped bacteria _______________________________________________________________

6. Glass dust in the lungs _____________________________________________________________

7. Collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on x-ray or other radiologic

evaluation _______________________________________________________________________

8. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are examples ________________________________________

9. Coal dust accumulation in the lungs __________________________________________________

10. Collection of fluid in the pleural space _________________________________________________

11. Asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs _____________________________________________

12. Relieving, but not curing symptoms __________________________________________________

13. Necrotic dead tissue in the lung ______________________________________________________

14. Fluid and other substances that filter from cells or capillaries oozes into lesions or areas

of inflammation ___________________________________________________________________

290 Chapter 12 ฀■ CLINICAL PROCEDURES QUIZ

Chapter Twelve

CLINICAL PROCEDURES QUIZ

Name: ______________________________

(textbook pages 478–483)

A. Match the following tests and procedures with their descriptions below:

bronchoscopy laryngoscopy

chest x-ray lung biopsy

CT angiography MRI of the chest

CT scan PET scan of the lung

endotracheal intubation V/Q scan

1. Visual examination of the voice box ___________________________________________________

2. Detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or

inhalation of radioactive gas _________________________________________________________

3. Magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in different planes

of the body _______________________________________________________________________

4. Computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross-section and

other planes ______________________________________________________________________

5. Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of the bronchial tubes _________________________________

6. Radioactive glucose is injected and images show metabolic activity

in the lungs ______________________________________________________________________

7. Removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination ______________________________

8. Placement of a tube through the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an

airway ___________________________________________________________________________

9. PA and lateral films show radiographic images of the thoracic cavity ________________________

10. Combination of computed tomography and images of blood vessels

(with injected contrast) _____________________________________________________________

B. Match the following tests and procedures with their descriptions below:

mediastinoscopy tube thoracostomy

pulmonary function tests thoracoscopy

thoracentesis tracheostomy

thoracotomy tuberculin tests

1. Endoscopic visual examination of the area between the lungs ______________________________

2. Heaf, tine and Mantoux tests (based on positive skin reactions)

are examples _____________________________________________________________________

3. Large surgical incision of the chest ___________________________________________________

Chapter 12 ฀■ CLINICAL PROCEDURES QUIZ 291

4. Chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continuously drain a pleural

effusion _________________________________________________________________________

5. Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space _________________________________

6. Tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs _________________________________

7. Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of

an endoscope _____________________________________________________________________

8. Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck __________________________

292 Chapter 12 ฀■ ABBREVIATIONS QUIZ

Chapter Twelve

ABBREVIATIONS QUIZ

Name: ______________________________

(textbook pages 483–484)

A. On the line provided, give meanings for the following abbreviations, then write each abbre-

viation next to its explanation below:

1. ABGs

2. ARDS

3. BAL

4. Bronch

5. CF

6. CO2

7. COPD

8. CPAP

9. CPR

10. C&S

a. Fluid is injected and

withdrawn from the bronchial tubes

b. Growing and testing contents

of sputum for bacterial analysis

c. Hereditary disease that causes

accumulation of mucus in the respiratory

tract

d. Gases are measured in the blood

e. Airway is opened; breathing is

restored; circulation restored by external

cardiac compression

f. Chronic bronchitis and

emphysema are examples

g. Visual examination of the

bronchi

h. Group of signs and symptoms

of respiratory failure

i. Gas that is expelled in

expiration

j. Mask and machine help to

avoid obstructive sleep apnea

B. On the line provided, give meanings for the following abbreviations, then write each abbre-

viation next to its explanation below:

1. CXR

2. CTPA

3. DOE

4. DPT

5. FVC

6. ICU

Chapter 12 ฀■ ABBREVIATIONS QUIZ 293

7. MDI

8. NSCLC

9. O2

10. OSA

a. Device used to deliver

aerosolized medication to patients

b. Toxoids for vaccination of

infants

c. Inability to breathe during

sleep because of blockage in the airway

d. Gas that is inhaled and absorbed

through alveoli into the bloodstream

e. PA and lateral views are taken

in this procedure

f. Amount of gas that can be

rapidly exhaled after a full inspiration

g. Major type of malignancy

originating in the lung

h. Seriously ill patients are

treated in this area of the hospital

i. Multiple computerized x-ray

views of pulmonary blood vessels are taken

j. Difficult breathing with strong

physical activity

C. On the line provided, give meanings for the following abbreviations, then write each

abbreviation next ot its explanation below:

1. PE __________________________________________________________________________

2. PEEP __________________________________________________________________________

3. PFTs __________________________________________________________________________

4. PND __________________________________________________________________________

5. PPD __________________________________________________________________________

6. SCLC __________________________________________________________________________

7. SOB __________________________________________________________________________

8. TB __________________________________________________________________________

9. URI __________________________________________________________________________

10. VATS __________________________________________________________________________

a. Mechanical ventilator setting

b. Infectious lung disease caused

by bacilli

c Clot or other material lodges

in vessels of the lung

d. Respiratory disease that

originates in the throat, larynx, or trachea

e. Sudden attack of difficult

breathing at night

f. Visual examination of the

chest using special video assistance

g. Spirometer is used for these tests

h. Type of lung cancer; “oat cell”

cancer

i. Difficulty in breathing

j. Substance used in test for

tuberculosis

294 Chapter 12 ฀■ EXERCISE QUIZ

Chapter Twelve

EXERCISE QUIZ

Name: ______________________________

A. Select from the following anatomical structures to complete the sentences below:

alveoli larynx

bronchi mediastinum

cilia palatine tonsils

epiglottis paranasal sinuses

hilum parietal pleura

1. Branches of the windpipe that lead into the lungs are the _________________________________

2. The region between the lungs in the chest cavity is the ___________________________________

3. Collections of lymph tissue in the oropharynx are the ____________________________________

4. Air sacs of the lung are called ________________________________________________________

5. The outer fold of pleura lying closest to the ribs is called __________________________________

6. Thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane lining the respiratory

tract are __________________________________________________________________________

7. The voice box is called the ___________________________________________________________

8. Middle region where bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and

exit lungs is the ___________________________________________________________________

9. Air-containing cavities in the bones around the nose are the _______________________________

10. The lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the voice box is the _______________________________

B. Complete the following sentences:

11. The gas produced by cells and exhaled through the lungs is called ___________________________

12. Divisions of the lungs are called ______________________________________________________

13. The essential cells of the lung that perform its main function

are the pulmonary _________________________________________________________________

14. Breathing in air is called ____________________________________________________________

C. Give meanings for the following medical terms:

15. bronchiectasis ____________________________________________________________________

16. anosmia _________________________________________________________________________

17. phrenic __________________________________________________________________________

18. pneumothorax ____________________________________________________________________

Chapter 12 ฀■ EXERCISE QUIZ 295

D. Complete the medical terms for the following respiratory symptoms:

19. excessive carbon dioxide in the blood: hyper ____________________________________________

20. spitting up blood: hemo _____________________________________________________________

21. hoarseness; voice impairment: dys ____________________________________________________

22. breathing is possible only in an upright position:_____________________________________ pnea

23. nosebleed: epi _____________________________________________________________________

E. Give meanings for the following medical terms:

24. purulent _________________________________________________________________________

25. rales _____________________________________________________________________________

26. auscultation ______________________________________________________________________

27. pulmonary infarction ______________________________________________________________

F. Match the following terms with their descriptions:

asbestosis chronic bronchitis

asthma cystic fibrosis

atelectasis emphysema

bronchogenic carcinoma pertussis

28. Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls ________________________________

29. Inflammation of tubes leading from the trachea (over a long period of time) __________________

30. Spasm and narrowing of bronchi leading to airway obstruction _____________________________

31. Lung or portion of a lung is collapsed __________________________________________________

32. Malignant neoplasm originating in a bronchus __________________________________________

33. Whooping cough; bacterial infection of the pharynx ______________________________________

34. Inherited disease of exocrine glands leading to airway obstruction __________________________

35. Type of pneumoconiosis; dust particles are inhaled _______________________________________

G. Give meanings for the following medical terms:

36. adenoid hypertrophy _______________________________________________________________

37. tachypnea ________________________________________________________________________

38. pleurodynia _______________________________________________________________________

39. pulmonary embolism _______________________________________________________________

40. pulmonary edema __________________________________________________________________

41. pulmonary abscess _________________________________________________________________

296 Chapter 12 ฀■ EXERCISE QUIZ

H. Match the clinical procedure or abbreviation with its description:

bronchioalveolar lavage lung scan (V/Q)

CT pulmonary angiography thoracentesis

endotracheal intubation tracheostomy

42. Tube is placed through the mouth into the trachea to

establish an airway _________________________________________________________________

43. Radioactive material is injected or inhaled and images are recorded _________________________

44. After contrast is injected into blood vessels of the lungs, computerized tomographic

x-rays are taken ____________________________________________________________________

45. Opening into the trachea through the neck to establish an airway ___________________________

46. Chest wall is punctured with a needle to obtain fluid from

the pleural space ___________________________________________________________________

47. Fluid is injected into the bronchi and then removed for examination ________________________

I. Give meanings for the following abbreviations:

48. COPD____________________________________________________________________________

49. PFT _____________________________________________________________________________

50. URI _____________________________________________________________________________