Chapter 6
PROMOTING EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
OUTLINE
I. Becoming Emotionally Secure
A. Attachment
B. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
C. Greenspan’s Model of Affective Development
II. Building a Healthy Environment
A. Structure and Consistency
B. Routines
C. Limits
D. Constructive Consequences
E. Logical Connections
F. Variety
III. Facilitating Social Skills
A. Use of Environmental Structuring
B. Use of Typical Peers as Mediators of Social Skills
IV. Encouraging Developmental Play Behavior
A. The Importance of Play
B. The Nature of Play
C. Development of Social Interaction Through Play
V. Helping Children with Emotional and Behavioral Challenges
A. Individual Temperament
B. Children Who Lack Self-Control
VI. Use of Reinforcement
A. Give Credit Where Credit Is Due
B. Ignore Minor Disruptive Behaviors
C. Minimize the Use of Negative Consequences
VII. Positive Behavior Support
VIII. Special Considerations for Working With Children Who Have Been Abused and
Neglected
IX. Summary
X. Discussion Topics and Activities
ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS AND VOCABULARY
Affect attunement
Affective domain
Attachment
Hyporesponsive
Logical connection
Logical consequences
Natural consequences
Observational learning
Positive behavior support
Primary provider
TEST QUESTIONS – CHAPTER 6
Multiple Choice
1. When a child is avoided by other children because he or she is aggressive, an example of
which one of the following is evident?
a. Logical consequences
b. Unavoidable consequences
c. Logical connections
d. Natural consequences
2. Which of the following may not be a useful way to help a child improve his or her self-
control?
a. Exhibiting confidence in the child’s ability to improve his self-control
b. Responding to and correcting all disruptive behavior
c. Removing unnecessary sources of frustration and noises from the classroom
d. Dealing consistently with temper tantrums
3. Research indicates that punishment
a. Is always effective
b. Should be avoided at all times
c. Is a positive approach to class management
d. Can produce negative side effects
4. One effective way to work with children who are reluctant to participate is to
a. Insist that they participate in every activity
b. Seat them where they can not see the activity
c. Ignore them completely
d. Couple attention with something pleasant
5. Ainsworth described an infant who greeted his or her parent after a period of separation with
physical contact and a smile as
a. Securely attached
b. Insecurely attached-avoidant
c. Insecurely attached-resistant
d. Disorganized
6. According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, when do children begin to
develop a conscience?
a. One
b. Two
c. Five
d. Seven
7. According to Greenspan’s model of affective development, when do healthy infants develop
the ability to regulate their internal state (homeostasis) in ways that allow them to attend to the
world around them?
a. At birth
b. Birth to three months
c. Three months to six months
d. Six months to nine months
8. A time in the school routine when children with disabilities are most likely to become
frustrated is
a. Arrival time
b. Snack time
c. Transition time
d. Dismissal time
9. According to Piaget’s categories of play, the game of taking things out and putting things in is
a. Practice play
b. Symbolic play
c. Games with rules
d. Representational play
10. When should “signal interference” be used with impulsive children?
a. Before the behavior begins
b. As the behavior escalates
c. When the child is in a tantrum
d. After the child has calmed down
True-False
1. A strong, positive attachment to a primary caregiver appears to be the key to the development
of a healthy personality.
2. Positive peer interactions for children with special needs and/or social delays may not develop
without specific interventions from the caregiver.
3. Infants will begin to become attached to their primary care-givers at the age of 9-18 months.
4. Logical consequences will occur without adult intervention.
5. Around the age of 30 months, children begin to think about and understand the logical
connections between ideas.
6. Most children fall within the “easy” category: adaptable, approachable, and positive in mood.
7. Children with disabilities need only be put in the same environment with children without
disabilities for peer imitation to occur.
8. The onset of ADHD is before the age of 5.
9. A child is born with a particular temperament. It cannot be changed in any way.
10. Loud, lively music can be upsetting for children who have difficulty with control.
Short Answer
2. At about 18 months, infants are able to move away from caregivers but still experience their
3. Why is it ineffective to say to a child, “Susie, do you want to clean up now?”
4. How is “signal interference” used to prevent loss of control?
it has many disadvantages.
better and wants to cooperate. This area should be a pleasant place and the child is encouraged
to take themselves there when they feel a need for quiet time.
Comprehensive Essay
1. A disability may interfere with the caregiver-infant attachment process. Discuss the effect on
attachment of blindness, hearing loss, and cerebral palsy and tell why the attachment process
may be at risk.
2. Discuss Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development and give behaviors that the adult
caregiver can do to facilitate each stage.
3. State a rule that meets the three criteria of being definable, reasonable, and enforceable. Now
state a rule that does not meet these criteria and explain why it does not.
4. Discuss techniques to keep in min d when grouping children to stimulate positive interaction.
5. Define natural consequences, logical consequences, and negative consequences. Give
examples of each.
6. Discuss ways that the teacher can prevent or lessen children’s frustration during school
routines.
7. Discuss ways to facilitate social skills among children with disabilities when they are
included with children without disabilities using environmental structuring.
8. Discuss the technique of physical prompting and fading to help children with more severe
disabilities learn to play.
9. What are some reasons that a child may be reluctant to participate? Discuss techniques you
would use to involve that child in the classroom activities.
10. Discuss some special considerations for working with children who have been abused and
neglected.
CHAPTER SIX – ANSWER KEY