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b. 10 million
c. 1 billion
d. 1 trillion
39. During the 1990s, there was intense focus and scrutiny on women who used
illegal drugs during pregnancy, especially among women who gave birth to
______, although years of research have not identified this as a distinct
condition.
a. premature infants
b. crack babies
c. children with neuropathy
d. higher weight infants
40. In the 1980s, Congress enacted ______ that resulted in lengthy prison terms
for individuals convicted of nonviolent drug offenses.
a. mandatory minimum drug sentencing laws
b. drug court programs
c. restorative justice networks
d. strict probation requirements
True/False
1. Drug courts consist of the collaborative efforts of justice and treatment
professionals to intervene and break the cycle of substance abuse, addiction,
and crime.
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2. A decriminalization policy advocates for the accessibility of drugs through
governmental regulation, such as distribution and legal age of use.
3. While there is no clear causal relation between drugs and crime, there is a link
between substance use and levels of criminal involvement.
4. Marijuana is one of the most effective drugs for relief of severe physical pain;
has high potential for abuse.
5. Eradication describes the various steps implemented to interrupt illicit drug
trafficking.
6. Alcohol is a type of depressant.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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7. Over 50% of Americans age 12 and older reported using alcohol at least once
in a 30-day period.
8. Harm reduction attempts to incorporate a public health approach to lessen the
risks and harms associated with illegal drug use.
9. Harm reduction models are very ineffective.
10. Barbiturates are a type of depressant; can help with anxiety without
disrupting normal functions. Problems include sleepiness and incoordination,
hampered learning process, and amnesia.
11. The phrase “Just Say No” has been attributed to First Lady Nancy Reagan.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
12. Only if someone taking the CAGE alcohol screening test answers “yes” to all
questions is there a problem.
13. Barbiturates are often referred to on the street by their color. For example,
Amytal is known as blue heavens.
14. The first barbiturate, barbital, was discovered in 1903 by two German
scientists working at Bayer—Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering.
15. Stimulant drugs create a sense of energy, alertness, talkativeness, and well–
being considered pleasurable to the user.
16. Brad Beckworth has maintained that Johnson & Johnson, as well as Purdue
and Teva, used misleading marketing beginning in the 1990s to push doctors to
prescribe more opioids.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
17. A harm reduction policy attempts to incorporate a completely privatized
health approach to lessen the risks and harms associated with illegal drug use.
18. As of May 2019, there are over 20 states that have bills that will in some
manner legalize, as well as regulate, marijuana.
19. According to the DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program,
in 2017 the DCE/SP eradicated enough marijuana to account for $20 million in
asset seizures.
20. During the Colombian presidential election of 1990, campaign speeches
often included negative references to Rudy Giuliani for being caught using crack
cocaine.
21. Eradication involves four recognized techniques: mechanical destruction,
bunting, chemical, and biological destruction.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
22. Ohio is designated as one of the HIDTAs; this area consists of 13 counties.
23. Empirical data exists that shows drugs directly cause violent crime.
24. McBride and McCoy have concluded that efforts to enhance educational and
economic opportunities are not a worthwhile policy recommendation.
25. Elliott Currie argues that substance abuse is not an isolated problem limited
to certain communities and groups.
Essay
1. Identify some trends pertaining to alcohol use in the United States.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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2. Describe the three features of harm reduction programs.
3. Explain the two (2) screening tests that are used in doctors’ offices and clinics
as a first indicator that an individual may have an alcohol problem. Explain how
these tests are used and how they can determine if someone has a drinking
problem.
4. Explain the appearance of heroin, how it is used, and what individuals do once
they build up a tolerance. Also, what serious health issues can arise from the use
of heroin, and why?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
5. What is a hallucinogen? Explain the three categories of hallucinogens, and
explain what a trip is and its effects.
6. What Amendment put in effect national Prohibition? Explain what Prohibition is
and the two (2) sections it put into effect. What were the national effects related
to Prohibition?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
7. How is alcohol advertised in the United States? Give two (2) examples.
8. Define a racialized drug policy and give one example.
9. What are designer drugs?
10. Do you believe there to be a stigma associated with drug use? What type of
drug use, and why?
11. What is the difference between cannabis, marijuana, and hashish? What are
the psychoactive and physiological effects of marijuana? Argue for or against the
legalization of marijuana in the United States and back your claims.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
12. What has become one of the fastest-growing methods of distributing
controlled pharmaceuticals?
13.Who was Harry Anslinger?
14. What was the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court in reference to the
Marihuana Tax Act, and why?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
15. Name two (2) products that can be made out of cannabis.