Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank
CHAPTER 14: WHITE-COLLAR CRIME, ORGANIZED CRIME, AND
CYBERCRIME
Multiple Choice
1. Who coined the term white-collar crime and is considered the most prominent
criminologist of the 20th century?
a. Hirschi
b. Sutherland
c. Clinard and Yeager
d. Lombroso
2. The first prominent acknowledgment of “white–collar crime” as an important
concept for criminologists to study was presented at the ______.
a. FBI conference in 1940
b. American Sociological Society (ASS) conference in 1939
c. Interpol conference in 1937
d. none of these
3. The criteria for white-collar crime can include ______ elements.
a. three
b. two
c. four
d. nine
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
4. All of the following are terms that are typically used synonymously with white–
collar crime EXCEPT ______.
a. suite crime
b. occupational crime
c. upperworld crime
d. street crime
5. Corporate crime causes at least ______ times more deaths than do traditional
street crimes.
a. two
b. five
c. seven
d. 10
6. Although Sutherland did not give a clear definition of white-collar crime, except
in a vague footnote, certain conditions apply, such as ______.
a. offenders must be male
b. offenders must be white
c. offenders must be at the top of the socioeconomic status
d. offenders must work in the finance industry
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
7. Deaths and injuries due to corporate crimes ______.
a. have decreased
b. have stayed the same
c. have increased
d. do not occur
8. The ______ is generally considered to be one of the most important periods in
history in terms of progress, but resulted in an increase in environmental crimes.
a. American Revolution
b. Industrial Revolution
c. World War I
d. World War II
9. The EPA estimates that there are about ______ deaths each year in the
United States as a direct result of toxic particles emitted from manufacturing
plants.
a. 30,000
b. 45,000
c. 60,000
d. 80,000
10. All of the following are considered physical costs of white-collar crime
EXCEPT ______.
a. price fixing
b. environmental pollution
c. occupational illnesses
d. falsely prescribed or marketed pharmaceutical drugs
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
11. Labor violations include all of the following EXCEPT ______.
a. hiring illegal workers
b. exploiting workers
c. dumping pollution in restricted area
d. keeping unsafe work conditions
12. What is considered one of the oldest prison gangs in the United States?
a. Black Guerilla Family
b. Arian Brotherhood
c. La Nuestra Familia
d. Mexican Mafia
13. The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of
Justice found that ______ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime.
a. gambling
b. loan sharking
c. narcotics trafficking
d. money laundering
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
14. The growth of prison gangs has been attributed to the Supreme Court
decision of ______, which gave prisoners the right to sue state officials in federal
court.
a. Cooper v. Pate
b. United States v. Carey
c. Perez v. Virginia
d. United States v. Stewart
15. All of the following are criminal penalties for Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations (RICO) violations EXCEPT ______.
a. forfeiture of any interest obtained or maintained in the course of state
violations
b. fine of no more than $25,000
c. prison term of no more than 20 years
d. restitution payments of no more than $25,000
16. The ______ was formed in 1929 and found that organized criminal activity
flourished around bootlegging operations.
a. Wickersham Commission
b. Chicago Crime Commission
c. Kefauver Committee
d. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement
17. ______ are involved in writing programs to protect systems and networks
from being illegally and maliciously accessed.
a. Black hat hackers
b. Script kiddies
c. Hacktivists
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
d. White hat hackers
18. All of the following are considered one of the four (4) common categories of
users of Internet child pornography EXCEPT ______.
a. individuals who are not impulsive or curious
b. individuals who encourage prevailing or developing sexual interests in children
c. individuals who are involved in child pornography for non-sexual reasons
d. individuals who communicate with other sexual offenders who use child
pornography as a broader pattern of offending
19. ______ refers to stealing a victim’s credit card information and subsequently
using the information to purchase items, especially electronics.
a. Carding
b. Dumpster diving
c. Credit card skimming
d. Shoulder surfing
20. The ______ was charged with three (3) responsibilities that focused on
whether organized crime used services of interstate commerce to engage in
illegal activities and identifying the persons, firms, or corporations involved in
such activities.
a. Wickersham Commission
b. Chicago Crime Commission
c. Kefauver Committee
d. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
21. According to a recent study, executive MBA candidates who had experience
in the corporate world were significantly more likely than MBA candidates without
such experience to ______.
a. disclose an internal memo that contained test results regarding a dangerous
drug to the FDA
b. use neutralization techniques to justify marketing and selling a dangerous drug
c. contend that family and friends pressured them into adopting unethical
behaviors
d. reject the influence of supervisors and professional colleagues when
determining what is or isn’t ethical behavior
22. The ______ might explain why a likely offender might be tempted by a ready-
made opportunity to commit various white-collar crimes, since there is a low
likelihood of being caught and little government oversight.
a. routine activities
b. social conflict
c. social learning
d. deterrence
23. What type of offense has the following criteria? (1) upper-class offender, (2)
work-related violations, (3) work-related violations of blue-collar workers
excluded, and (4) regular crimes committed by upper-class persons excluded.
a. a tort
b. a contract violation
c. white-collar crime
d. hate crimes
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
24. Sutherland published research in the 1940s that showed ______.
a. most corporations that were studied committed only one criminal offense
b. when corporate crime is discovered, it is usually right after it happens
c. only unsuccessful businesses committed ethical violations
d. the overwhelming majority of corporations recidivated
25. What is the name of the organization that was created in 1970 and put in
charge of protecting human health and safeguarding the natural environment?
a. The Department of the Interior
b. The Environmental Protection Agency
c. The State Department
d. The United States Department of Agriculture
26. Which statement is false?
a. OSHA almost never pursues criminal charges.
b. Of the cases OSHA pursued criminally, most of them resulted in prison time.
c. OSHA only investigated 24% of worker deaths that happened between 1982
and 2002.
d. Corporations have little or nothing to lose by violating the labor regulations.
27. Which factor is not one of Abadinsky’s factors of organized crime?
a. It is hierarchical.
b. It is monopolistic.
c. It constitutes a unique subculture.
d. It has no rules or regulations.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
28. What is the name of the notorious Democratic political machine in New York
City from the 1790s through the 1960s that had major influence in city and state
politics?
a. Tammany Hall
b. Dead Rabbitts
c. Short Tales
d. Hudson Dusters
29. What event occurred in 1919 that gave rise to a multitude of opportunities for
criminals such as Al Capone?
a. The 13th Amendment, which banned slavery
b. The 15th Amendment, which gave African-Americans voting rights
c. The 18th Amendment, which outlawed alcohol
d. The 19th Amendment, which granted women’s suffrage
30. Which industry arose in Nevada after the Great Depression and attracted
people like Bugsy Siegel?
a. bootlegging
b. gambling
c. prostitution
d. drug dealing
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
31. Which criminal organization rose to prominence in the 1860s and required
members to take an oath of loyalty, adhere to a code of silence, and resembled
an extended social family?
a. the Mafia
b. the Hells Angels
c. La Nuestra Familia
d. the Ayrian Brotherhood
32. The Hells Angels, the Outlaws, the Bandidos, Vagos, Warlocks, and the
Pagans are examples of ______.
a. the Mafia
b. Yakuza
c. OMGs
d. Prison Gangs
33. OMGs frequently refer to themselves as ______.
a. rockers
b. colors
c. one percenters
d. flaunters
34. Which statement is false?
a. Often prison gangs are stronger in state facilities than federal facilities.
b. One of the newest prison gangs in the Mexican Mafia.
c. The Cooper v. Pate case allowed prisoners to sue state officials in federal
court.
d. La Nuestra Familia is a well-known prison gang.
35. What is not one of Maltz’s characteristics associated with organized crime
groups?
a. corruption
b. violence
c. continuity
d. lack of discipline
36. Which characteristic of organized crime did Dennis Kenney and James
Finckenauer find applied to urban street gangs?
a. corruption
b. violence
c. multiple enterprises
d. structure and involvement in legitimate businesses
37. Cybercrime consists of at least three features: The act was committed using
(1) a computer, (2) a “victim” computer, and (3) ______.
a. an intermediary network
b. an unauthorized credit card
c. a third victim
d. a governmental entity