Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
38. Which type of hackers have a limited technical ability and surf the Internet for
hacker utility programs and then launch the programs at a target computer
system?
a. white hat hackers
b. black hat hackers
c. script kiddies
d. hacktivists
39. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, through ______, has been proactively
investigating pedophiles for years.
a. Operation Clean Sweep
b. Operation Innocent Images
c. Operation Digitize
d. Operation Capture
True/False
1. It appears that while the rate of homicides and assaults due to street crimes
has been cut in half over the past 25 years, there is no indication that deaths or
injuries due to corporate crimes have decreased, and there is evidence such
injuries are on the rise.
2. Although most textbooks claim that Sutherland introduced the concept of
corporate, occupational, or industrial crimes, this claim has been disputed.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
3. According to Sutherland’s definition, if a clerk at a fast-food restaurant steals
money from the register, it is not considered white-collar crime because, although
the person committed the crime while engaging in work-related duties, he or she
clearly does not hold a white-collar position.
4. A business executive may be a serial killer or a drug dealer, but if these
violations do not pertain to his actual job, then they do not count as white-collar
crime.
5. Cybercrime consists of at least three features: The act was committed using
(1) a computer, (2) a “victim” computer, and (3) an intermediary network.
6. A hacker is one who obtains authorized access to a computer system, file, or
network.
7. The development of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) made it a
felony to cause the death of a worker by willfully violating safety laws.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
8. Even Sutherland appears to lack confidence in what white-collar crime means,
as evidenced by his inclusion of the word approximately in his loose definition.
9. Today, white-collar criminals are more likely to be investigated, caught,
charged, and convicted as compared with traditional street criminals.
10. The concept of pollution was acknowledged early on and was considered a
huge problem for many areas.
11. OSHA violators are sometimes fined, but even then, these fines are usually
relatively low in relation to the profits being made by the companies.
12. One of the key measures of organized crime in the world is the Organized
Crime Perception (OCP) Index, which is a combined measure using data from
various sources.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
13. White hat hackers are individuals that violate computer security essentially
out of malice or for personal gain.
14. Advance fee fraud is a type of fraud where the victim is lured to pay monies
with the expectation of receiving some service or benefit, but this never occurs.
15. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act regulates the interception of
electronic communications by individuals as well as the government.
16. Empirical research supports the theory that deterrence explains why white
collar professionals avoid committing workplace crimes.
17. When it comes to white collar crime, studies show that the cultural norms of
one’s environment seem to overwhelm university-led ethical training.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
18. If a clerk at a fast-food restaurant steals money from the register, it is
considered white-collar crime.
19. Data compiled from the 1940s until now demonstrates a trend that most
successful, large corporations commit repeated white-collar crimes.
20. White-collar crime causes far more financial damage to society than all other
crimes combined.
21. Street crimes cause more deaths annually than white-collar crimes.
22. Many theorists claim that, on many occasions, judges, politicians, and
community leaders have been responsible for punishing those guilty of street
crimes, while their own white-collar crimes have gone unpunished.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
23. Most historians agree that the event that caused the most damage to the
environment was World War II.
24. Due to the hard work of the EPA, there are very few toxic waste sites left in
the United States.
25. Labor violations became more common during and after the Industrial
Revolution.
Essay
1. Discuss some of the legislation that has been enacted to address cybercrime.
2. How did the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment (explain what this was) to
the Constitution contribute to the formation of organized crime?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
3. Explain the differences between the various types of criminal organizations
(four different groups).
4. Present the four (4) criteria incorporated into the definition of white-collar crime
and explain each one. Give an example of each of the four (4) criteria.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
5. List the six (6) general categories of the various white-collar offenses. Give an
example of each category and why they are considered an illegal act.
6. Who coined the term white-collar crime?
7. How has white-collar crime damaged the moral and social fabric of society?
Discuss its place in society and ties to the community.
8. The text states, “…corporate crime is treated with kid gloves by government
agencies and the criminal justice system.” What does this mean, and do you
believe this to be true? Why or why not?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
9. What was the first of Sutherland’s four (4) primary propositions concerning
white-collar crime?
10. Investigations of the largest businesses in the nation have all found that
corporate misbehavior is not the ______ but the ______. What are some
examples.
11. Why is the argument incorrect that there was a higher percentage of
companies committing corporate violations in the 1940s due to less regulation of
the rules?
12. Why does the text state that we are all paying for corporate crimes?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
13. There is debate on what behaviors are considered a part of one’s
occupational role and what activities constitute white-collar crime. Give your
definition of what behaviors you would consider part of one’s occupation role.
14. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is not considered a Cabinet
agency. However, who appoints the administrators of this agency, and what are
they given? What does this mean?
15. What two agencies does the Environmental Protection Agency work with to
develop and enforce regulations to protect the environment from corporate
crimes?