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d. the way those in power arrange to maintain the status quo and resist attempts
for social change
39. When examining the effects of gender responsive programming, one study
revealed that girls who followed more gendered pathways to secure detention
______.
a. responded more positively to this type of approach than a traditional one
b. were verbally resistant to this type of programming
c. never had any interactions with law enforcement in the future
d. refused to take part in any such programs at all
40. What is not one of the goals of legislative reforms to modify rape statutes
mentioned in the chapter?
a. increasing the reporting of rape
b. expanding the range of people protected by the law
c. improving the treatment of victims
d. reducing the statute of limitations on rape
True/False
1. Most scholars contend that feminism has evolved in three major waves.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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2. Both chivalry and paternalism suggest that certain individuals or groups need
protection because they are weak and helpless.
3. Classical liberal feminists support limited government and a free market as
well as political and legal rights.
4. The characterization of the black female as a matriarch has traditionally been
negative.
5. Feminist scholars have argued that science reflects the social values and
concerns of dominant societal groups.
6. Some feminists have argued that the pathways perspective has provided
researchers with a greater understanding of how a woman’s offending is
influenced by the social conditions of her life compared to life-course research.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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7. The blurred boundaries theory assumes that groups of people are socially
situated in relation to other groups of people based on their differences.
8. Gender-specific programs target juvenile girls and give females an increased
sense of community that has been associated with developing and integrating a
healthy identity.
9. Under socialist feminism, class relations are primary with gender relations
secondary.
10. Radical feminists maintain, in principle, that sexism is the first, most
widespread form of human oppression.
11. Female youths from patriarchal families were encouraged to engage in risk–
taking behaviors, just as their brothers were.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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12. When a researcher uses the sex role approach, it may lead to a form of
biological determinism.
13. The “add women and stir approach” is when one uses an existing theoretical
perspective based on males and “adds” women.
14. The development of an intersectional perspective on gender and race is
rooted in the work of scholars focusing on women of color.
15. Praxis is when theory translates into action.
16. Gender-specific programming is targeted to juvenile males and consists of a
curriculum focused on their specific needs.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
17. “The personal is the political” refers to the notion that the “private sphere” is
as structured by power relations involving gender, sexuality, race, class, and age
as the “public sphere.”
18. The second wave of feminism started in the 1980s and continues to the
present day.
19. Sex differences typically refer to biological characteristics, such as
reproductive organs and hormones.
20. Paternalism denotes that women need to be protected for their own good.
21. Classical liberal feminists favor government involvement in providing citizens,
particularly underprivileged individuals, with housing, education, health care, and
social security.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
22. Radical feminism evolved from the women’s liberation movement of the
1960s.
23. Marxist feminism and social feminism are at opposite ends of the political
spectrum.
24. Lombroso emphasized the physiological and psychological determinants of
female criminality rather than socializing factors or social-structural constraints.
25. Proponents of multiracial feminism insist that feminist criminology should
analyze crime solely through the lens of race and/or ethnicity, ignoring all other
factors.
Essay
1. Give three examples of what values women should not emphasize according
to radical-cultural feminist perspective.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Explain the difference between sex and gender.
3. Women from various backgrounds were involved in the educational and social
reforms during the first wave of feminism. Later during the fight for women’s
suffrage, women from two other movements joined the cause. What were those
two other movements? Why?
4. According to the conservative perspective, how is gender formed?
5. Radical feminism emphasizes the importance of what three things?
6. Explain the Madonna/whore duality. The Madonna image was primarily
restricted to whom?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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7. List the three reasons or characteristics as to why a woman would have been
deemed as “bad” in the context of traditional female criminology.
8. What is women’s agency?
9. Lombroso noted that occasional offenders could be divided into two classes.
What are these two classes?
10. How does Marxist feminism differ from socialist feminism?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
11. Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative analyses. Design
two experiments concerning females and criminality using a qualitative (1) and
quantitative (2) analysis structure. Which of the two experiments do you believe
has the better research structure?
12. What is liberal feminism? Explain what the two types of liberal feminists are
and a major criticism cited by the text of the liberal feminist perspective.
13. Compare and contrast the three waves of feminism and when they occurred.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
14. Explain how power-control theory attempts to explain gender differences in
delinquency rates.
15. Explain the importance of reflexivity in research.