Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank
CHAPTER 11: LABELING THEORY AND CONFLICT/MARXIST/RADICAL
THEORIES OF CRIME
Multiple Choice
1. ______, in labeling theory, is the type of minor, infrequent offending people
commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders.
a. Looking-glass self
b. Primary deviance
c. Secondary deviance
d. Dramatization of evil
2. The ______ is a concept proposed by Tannenbaum in relation to labeling
theory that states when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to
dramatize it.
a. looking-glass self
b. primary deviance
c. secondary deviance
d. dramatization of evil
3. ______ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals
are caught and branded as offenders.
a. Consensus theory
b. Conflict theory
c. Labeling theory
d. Left realism theory
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
4. ______, in labeling theory, is the more serious, frequent offending people
commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders.
a. Looking-glass self
b. Primary deviance
c. Secondary deviance
d. Dramatization of evil
5. ______’s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has
been caught and designated as violating the law.
a. Lemert
b. Tannenbaum
c. Cooley
d. Becker
6. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by ______ about
the labeling perspective.
a. Lemert
b. Becker
c. Tannenbaum
d. Cooley
e. Mead
7. Deviance is created by ______.
a. law makers
b. politicians
c. individuals
d. society
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
8. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter
viewed in a new light.
a. retrospective interpretation
b. stereotyping
c. status-degradation ceremony
d. negotiation
9. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following
EXCEPT ______.
a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that
helps individuals resolve their conflicts
b. law reflects the need for social order
c. law is a product of value consensus
d. law is a partial system that protects private interests
10. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal
behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes all of the
following types of crimes EXCEPT ______.
a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes
b. crimes arising from labor disputes
c. crimes arising from robbery
d. crimes arising from political protest
11. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of
______.
a. labeling theory
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
b. consensus theory
c. radical conflict theory
d. group conflict theory
12. ______ argues that part of human nature is that people’s lives are a part, and
a product, of their group associations.
a. Labeling theory
b. Critical-radical theory
c. Consensus theory
d. Group conflict theory
13. Group conflict theory was introduced by ______.
a. Sutherland
b. Cooley
c. Becker
d. Vold
14. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and
personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the
following EXCEPT ______.
a. neighborhood
b. play groups
c. family
d. celebrities
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
15. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in three ways.
Choose the answer below that is NOT one of the three ways Marxist ideology is
incorporated.
a. law is a tool of the ruling class
b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and
understanding crime
c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle
d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie
16. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following
theories EXCEPT ______.
a. labeling theory
b. biological theory
c. control theory
d. strain theory
17. ______ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation
and dispute settlement.
a. Left realism
b. Peacemaking criminology
c. Restorative justice perspective
d. Consensus perspective
18. Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT ______.
a. criminal justice system
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
b. victim
c. offender
d. community
19. Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual
traditions EXCEPT ______.
a. feminist
b. religious
c. critical
d. consensus
20. Traditional theories of criminology tended to support the status quo. Critical
theories of criminology ______.
a. also support the status quo but condemn criticizing it
b. are a critique of those who disagree with the government
c. are a critique of the state and the political economy
d. are a critique of those who disagree with large corporations
21. A class or status Marx assigned to the dominant, oppressing owners of the
means of production.
a. proletariat
b. dialectics
c. bourgeoisie
d. idealists
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
22. A labeling mechanism by which a person in power assigns a label to an
offender, such as when a prosecuting attorney arranges a plea bargain with an
offender.
a. negotiation
b. arraignment
c. restorative justice
d. interactionism
23. The ideological position that political theories are irrelevant when assessing
the validity of knowledge claims; truth should be independent of political ideology
or personal values.
a. libertarian perspective
b. non-partisan perspective
c. partisan perspective
d. utilitarian perspective
24. The oppressed group of workers exploited by the capitalists who never profit
from their own efforts because the upper class owns and controls the means of
production.
a. bourgeoise
b. industrialists
c. partisans
d. proletariat
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
25. Which is the most dramatic way to initiate the process of giving an individual
a new identity, such as a criminal trial?
a. status-degradation ceremony
b. alienation ceremony
c. symbolic interactionism
d. routine activities theory
26. ______ refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of
values, involving a joint or multisided approach. A victim-offender reconciliation
program would be an example.
a. Retributive justice
b. Restorative justice
c. Symbolic justice
d. Innovative justice
27. In the context of labeling theory, this would occur if a police officer saw a
gathering of juveniles and assumed they were planning to commit a crime based
on their skin color or clothing.
a. stereotyping
b. programming
c. symbolizing
d. reconciling
28. ______ interactionism occurs when individuals interpret each other’s words
or gestures and then act based on the meaning of those gestures.
a. Competitive
b. Mutual
c. Symbolic
d. Conflict
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
29. The community’s point of view or the social reaction to illegal behavior is
called ______.
a. global perspective
b. universal consensus
c. mutual labeling
d. dramatization of evil
30. Which event is not part of the sequence of interaction that results in
secondary deviation?
a. primary deviation
b. offender rejection of stigma
c. strengthening of the deviant conduct as a reaction to the stigmatizing and
penalties
d. further deviation, possibly with hostilities and resentment toward those
imposing the penalties
31. Which statement below is not one of the basic assumptions of labeling
theory?
a. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal and noncriminal groups
is contrary to common sense and research.
b. While the sanctions used in law enforcement are directed against the
individual and not just the criminal act, the penalties for such an act vary
according to the characteristics of the offender.
c. Criminal justice is founded on a stereotyped conception of the criminal as a
willful wrongdoer who is morally bad and deserving of the community’s
condemnation.
d. Once confronted by public condemnation and the label of an evil man, it is
natural and easy for an offender to maintain a favorable image of himself.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
32. Labeling theory research conducted by Richard Schwartz and Jerome
Skolnick examined the effect of an employee’s criminal court record on the
reactions of potential employers and found that ______.
a. an individual accused of a crime but acquitted had no more or less trouble
finding an unskilled job as someone who was never accused or convicted
b. an individual accused of a crime but acquitted has almost as much trouble
finding an unskilled job as someone who was accused and convicted
c. an individual who was both accused and convicted of a crime had no trouble
finding a job if the application included a positive letter from a judge
d. an individual who was both accused and convicted of a crime had no chance
of ever getting a job
33. Select the statement that was not one of the five critiques of labeling theory
included in the chapter.
a. The various propositions to be tested are too specific and detailed.
b. Due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the
adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult.
c. Labeling theory focuses on the reaction to criminal and/or deviant behavior. It
avoids the question of causation.
d. Labeling should be viewed as a perspective rather than a theory.
34. One critique of labeling theory is that it focuses on the ______ rather than the
______. Thus, it views the people receiving the labels as being overly passive.
a. genetics; environment
b. reactors; actors
c. brain structure; brain function
d. courts; police
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
35. According to Quinney, crime is a definition of human conduct that is created
by ______.
a. a consensus of the governed in all societies
b. a subculture of the proletariat in a capitalist structure
c. authorized agents in a politically organized society
d. unauthorized agents in unorganized societies
36. What is an example of a policy that agrees with the basic tenets of the
labeling perspective?
a. a diversion program
b. a mandatory sentencing law
c. a “three strikes you’re out” law
d. a law that tries a juvenile as an adult
37. What is a Youth Court?
a. a court that prosecutes children who kill other children
b. a peer court for younger juveniles who commit low-level offenses
c. a court for prosecuting child felons who will be sentenced adults
d. a court for prosecuting offenses involving child victims
38. Criminologists who promote radical conflict perspectives can be traced to the
writings of ______.
a. Karl Marx
b. Thomas Hobbes
c. Austin Turk