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d. Richard Quinney
39. Which statement is not an established criticism of conflict theory?
a. Findings from studies can be interpreted in more than one way.
b. Some research studies testing conflict theory are unable to distinguish
between alternative explanations.
c. Few attempts have been made to develop and test well-constructed conflict
theories.
d. The researchers who ran the studies only considered the perspective of the
rich and powerful.
40. ______ refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of
values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes victim, community,
and offender.
a. Festributive justice
b. Restorative justice
c. False consciousness
d. Labeling theory
True/False
1. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach
of imposing punishment.
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2. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared
consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes victim,
community, and offender.
3. The secret deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society, without
society reacting to this behavior.
4. The falsely accused is an individual who disobeys the rules and is perceived
by society as doing so.
5. Cooley identified the process of obtaining one’s self–image through the “eyes
of others” as the looking-glass self.
6. Near the end of the 1950s, the unfair and inequitable treatment of
underprivileged individuals in society was becoming a widespread concern for
many Americans.
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7. Lemert provided a concise, working definition of deviance that was lacking
from labeling theory in general.
8. The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that
power.
9. Left realism contends that previous criminological theories have been
incomplete in that they only focus on one part of the square of crime.
10. Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual
engages in deviant behavior.
11. Tannenbaum’s “dramatization of evil” states that when relatively minor laws
are broken, the community tends to dramatize the situation.
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12. The Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 lessened the disparity between
mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses.
13. Along with the dramatization of evil, Tannenbaum argues that acts are
inherently good or bad.
14. A pure deviant, based on Becker’s typology, is an individual who disobeys
the rules and is perceived as doing so.
15. A hiding deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society but elicits no
reaction from society.
16. Research shows that potential employers are just as likely to hire someone
who is accused of a crime and later acquitted as someone who was never
accused of a crime.
17. Labeling theory is very vague regarding its propositions.
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18. Labeling theory primarily focuses on the causes of criminal behavior.
19. Vold argued that criminal behavior is the course taken by less powerful
groups who could not promote and defend their interests and purposes in the
legislative process.
20. Generally, there are two forms of conflict theory: conservative (pluralist) and
critical-radical.
21. George Vold, Austin Turk, and Richard Quinney have made major
contributions to the critical-radical conflict theoretical perspective.
22. A juvenile diversion program is an example of a program that acknowledges
labeling theory principles.
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23. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of
1988 are policies that exemplify the conflict theory perspective.
24. Left realism proponents insist that previous theories of criminology focused
on all four squares of crime equally.
25. Restorative justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided
approach of imposing punishment.
Essay
1. Describe the basic assumptions of labeling theory.
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2. Explain the key features of the consensus view of the law.
3. Discuss the policy implications of labeling and conflict theories of crime.
4. Explain President Barack Obama’s Fair Sentencing Act.
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5. What three intellectual traditions did peacemaking criminology incorporate?
6. Richard Quinney set forth six propositions that described his social reality of
crime. Explain four of the six propositions.
7. Explain labeling theory and the process one goes through in being labeled by
society. Give two examples of individuals who have been labeled and how it has
affected their lives. Is labeling an individual an offender a good thing? Why or
why not?
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8. Discuss the major critiques of labeling theory.
9. Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance. Also explain
the sequence of interaction within secondary deviance.
10. According to Becker, what are the four types of behaviors related to
perceptions of deviance and behavior? Give an example of each.
11. Explain retrospective interpretation.
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12. There are two basic types of criminological theories: spiritualism and
naturalism. Explain these two types and the three types of naturalistic theories.
13. The text states that appellate court judges make rulings that have a lasting
effect on future cases. What does this mean?
14. Explain Cooley’s looking-glass self.
15. What is the dramatization of evil?
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