Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
38. The general theory of crime contends that if a child has not learned self–
control by age ______, then s/he will never have it.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 18
39. A select group of individuals appear to derive physiological and psychological
pleasure from engaging in risky behaviors while simultaneously ______.
a. having less pain receptors in their neurons
b. having higher IQ’s than the general population
c. being less inhibited by internal emotional sanctions
d. being more likely to experience embarrassment
40. When it comes to gender roles and self-control, studies show ______.
a. no differences between males and females regarding behavior
b. males have more self-control than females
c. males are more likely to experience inner emotional sanctioning
d. females are more likely to experience inner emotional sanctioning
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
True/False
1. People learn rules, morals, and values through a process of socialization.
2. Sutherland was greatly influenced by Shaw and McKay’s concept of social
disorganization.
3. Classical conditioning assumes that animals, as well as people, do no learn
through associations between stimuli and responses.
4. Sutherland was adamant that people learned about how and why to commit
crime occurred through media role models, such as those in movies or on the
radio.
5. When criminal behavior is learned, understanding the techniques of
committing the crime is always very complicated.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
6. Burgess and Aker’s theory addresses the idea that delinquent associations
could occur after criminal activity takes place.
7. Control theories focus on social or personal factors that explain how and why
individuals learn criminal behavior.
8. Proponents of learning theories contend that individuals enter the world with a
blank slate, or tabula rasa.
9. Sutherland’s differential association theory is hard to test because it uses too
many different types of learning models.
10. Non-social reinforcement is considered self-reinforcement.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
11. The weaker the collective conscience in a society, the more crime in that
community.
12. The notion of collective conscience can be seen as an early form of the idea
of social bonding.
13. The idea that criminal behavior is learned was a radical idea at the time it
was presented.
14. The assumption that people have innate antisocial tendencies is a
controversial one because it is nearly impossible to test.
15. Low self-control theory proposes that individuals either develop self-control
by age 10 or do not. Those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors
throughout life.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
16. Sutherland believed that and individual’s propensity to commit crimes is
largely inherited.
17. According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is learned in
interaction with other persons in a process of communication that is usually
verbal.
18. Sutherland believed that a person will engage in criminal behavior when
there is an excess of available definitions of legal codes that favor violating the
law.
19. Differential associations rarely, if ever, vary in frequency, duration, priority,
and intensity.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
20. If an individual stole a car because s/he needed money, Sutherland would
agree that the offenders needs and motives for this crime are adequate because
no other explanations exist for criminal behavior.
21. The experiment involving Pavlov’s dogs demonstrated classical conditioning.
22. Bandura coined the term “white collar crime”.
23. Daniel Glaser’s theory of differential identification has been largely ignored in
the field of criminology.
24. Differential reinforcement theory emphasizes a wider variety of social
learning compared to differential association theory.
25. Sykes and Matza argued that most criminals have completely rejected the
dominant social order.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Essay
1. Apply the five techniques of neutralization to an example of your choice.
2. How do learning theories differ from other theories?
3. Give two (2) examples of a positive reinforcement.
4. Explain low self-control theory by Gottfredson.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
5. Explain the theory of drift and give two (2) examples of when drift may occur.
6. Learning criminality is likened to learning everyday activities. Give an example
of an everyday activity learned from others as criminality is learned.
7. At the time differential association theory was developed, what did most
academics and society believed about why offenders committed crimes?
8. Explain classical conditioning.
9. What does the term collective conscience mean?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
10. How did Bandura think individuals learned their attitudes and behaviors?
11. What are the two (2) propositions related to control-balance theory?
12. Explain five (5) of the seven (7) propositions of differential reinforcement
theory.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
13. Explain what the Bo-Bo doll experiment was and how it was related to
Bandura’s theory. What implications did Bandura’s findings have? How could
these findings be applied to a real-world issue or problem?
14. Explain how having a stake in conformity would prevent most people from
committing crime.
15. Explain Hirschi’s four elements of social bonding theory.