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SAGE Publishing, 2021
37. Which theorist wrote a significant book on inner-city, African-American
subculture titled The Code of the Streets?
a. Burgess
b. Darwin
c. Park
d. Anderson
38. Which statement is true?
a. Many large groups in the United States blatantly deny the middle-class norms
of society.
b. Studies lend ample support to Miller’s model of lower-class focal concerns.
c. Most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in
conventional values.
d. Subcultures now make up a majority of the population.
39. Which one of Miller’s focal concerns concerns itself with luck, or whatever life
dealt you; it disregards responsibility and accountability for one’s actions?
a. fate
b. toughness
c. autonomy
d. excitement
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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40. Which one of Miller’s focal concerns concerns itself with the ability to con
others?
a. toughness
b. autonomy
c. smartness
d. excitement
True/False
1. Despite the criticisms and weaknesses of the Chicago School perspective on
criminology, this theory resulted in one of the largest programs to date attempting
to reduce delinquency rates.
2. Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in
society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that violate
conventional law are good and positive ways to behave.
3. Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s primary conclusion was that violence is a culturally
learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances and that learning
such norms occurs in an environment that emphasizes violence over other
options.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
4. The Chicago School’s idea that all cities contain identifiable clusters, such as a
Chinatown or Little Italy, and neighborhoods that have low or high crime rates is
labelled “major areas”.
5. Zone II was identified as the transition zone or zone in transition.
6. The theoretical framework of concentric circles no longer has support from
theorists.
7. Shaw and McKay’s formulation of social disorganization focused on the micro
level of analysis, which has been criticized in recent years.
8. Shaw and McKay’s model demonstrated that the prevalence and frequency of
various social ills tend to overlap with higher delinquency rates.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
9. The Chicago School of criminology can be generalized to other cities.
10. Geographers and urban planners have long acknowledged the detriment
caused to traditionally stable residential areas when businesses move in.
11. Shaw and McKay’s longitudinal data showed that in terms of delinquency
rates, it mattered which ethnic group lived in Zone II.
12. Shaw and McKay’s social disorganization model does not attempt to explain
why some youths in the best neighborhoods choose to commit crime.
13. The term code of the streets was developed by Anderson.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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14. The code of the streets theory by Anderson focused on African Americans
and claims that due to deprived conditions in the inner cities, black Americans
feel a sense of hopelessness, isolation, and despair.
15. By the mid-1800s, most U.S. cities had ample social service agencies
designed to handle the problems of urbanization.
16. Park claimed that all cities contain identifiable clusters, which he called
natural areas, where the group has taken on a life or organic unity by itself.
17. Radial growth refers to development that begins on the outside and ripples
inward.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
18. Zone I in Chicago is known as the Loop.
19. Concentric circles are models of growth that assume all cities grow in a
natural way with the same five zones.
20. According to Anderson, “the code of the streets” is to maintain one’s
reputation and demand respect; to be disrespected is considered grounds for a
physical attack.
21. Asians commit more crime than any other group.
22. U.S. studies on cultural theories of crime show that no large groups blatantly
deny the middle-class norms of society.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
23. Empirical evidence suggests neighborhood watch groups are the most
effective method to deter crime in inner-city areas.
24. The more general the goals of a neighborhood regarding crime reduction, the
more effective implementation will be.
25. Statistically speaking, intraracial crime is more common than interracial
crime.
Essay
1. To what does the term code of the streets refer?
2. Discuss Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
3. Discuss the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.
4. Give an example of the focal concern of trouble.
5. Most citizens in Chicago in the late-1800s did not speak a common language
or share cultural values. How could this be an issue?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
6. What were Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s primary conclusions from their research?
What did they base their primary conclusions on? What does their
cultural/subcultural theory assume?
7. What are the six focal concerns in Miller’s theory?
8. Explain the concept of social disorganization. Design an experiment to test the
theory of social disorganization. What would you hope to find?
9. Why was Chicago chosen as the area for the development of these theories?
What was going on in this city in the mid- to late-1800s? Who ran the town, and
what did this lead to?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
10. Distinguish between a culture and subculture.
11. Describe the Chicago Area Project and criticisms of the project.
12. What policy recommendations would you make based upon theories
discussed in this chapter?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
13. Explain what a natural area is and give two examples of such areas. How is
this related to the idea of symbiosis and crime rates?
14. What did the text cite as the reason why Shaw and McKay did not focus on
slowing the invasion of factories and businesses into Zone II as a
recommendation to decrease criminality in those areas?
15. How did Park relate the ecological principle of symbiosis to society?