Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank
CHAPTER 9: SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES OF CRIME II: SOCIAL
DISORGANIZATION AND SUBCULTURES
Multiple Choice
1. ______ claimed that much of human behavior, especially the way cities grow,
follows the basic principles of ecology that had already been documented and
applied to wildlife.
a. Charles Darwin
b. Ernest W. Burgess
c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
d. Robert E. Park
2. By the late 1800s, ______ was largely made up of citizens who did not speak
a common language and did not share one another’s cultural values.
a. Denver
b. Detroit
c. Los Angeles
d. Chicago
3. The term eminent domain is used in this chapter to describe how urban sprawl
takes place; in this context, it means that local government can ______.
a. take land from low-income homeowners to build luxury, high-income homes
b. give land to low-income families to build on
c. take land from homeowners to rezone and import businesses
d. reassign land from commercial use to residential use
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
4. ______ is a modern example of an area or zone invading another area or
zone, and the previously dominant area must succeed or die off.
a. White flight
b. Gentrification
c. Urban sprawl
d. Migration
5. Business or industrial development in suburban or rural areas can devastate
all of the following controls EXCEPT ______.
a. social bonds
b. family ties
c. neighborhood networks
d. local laws
6. The breakdown in the conditions of a neighborhood leads to social
disorganization, which in turn leads to delinquents learning criminal activities
from whom?
a. adults
b. younger youth
c. older youth
d. parents
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
7. The center circle according to Burgesses zone model is called ______.
a. Zone I
b. Zone II
c. Zone III
d. Zone IV
8. The development of the Chicago School of criminology was the epitome of
using theoretical development and ______ to help improve conditions in society
when it was most needed.
a. individual knowledge
b. scientific testing
c. collaborative efforts
d. test cities
9. What ethnic group did not show high delinquency rates in Shaw and McKay’s
longitudinal data?
a. Caucasians
b. Hispanics
c. African Americans
d. Asians
10. ______ proposed a framework that began with the assumption that certain
neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city.
a. Charles Darwin
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
b. Ernest W. Burgess
c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
d. Robert E. Park
11. ______ proposed a theory of city growth in which cities were seen as growing
not simply on the edges but from the inside outward.
a. Charles Darwin
b. Ernest W. Burgess
c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
d. Franco Ferracuti and Marvin E. Wolfgang
12. Shaw and McKay’s findings rejected ______ because it is obvious that the
culture is not what influences crime and delinquency but rather the criminogenic
nature of the environment.
a. the Chicago School of criminology
b. social Darwinism
c. concentric circles
d. natural areas
13. The area most significantly subjected to the ecological principles suggested
by Park (invasion, domination, etc.) is ______.
a. Zone I
b. Zone II
c. Zone III
d. Zone IV
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
14. Some critics of Shaw and McKay have stated that their original research did
not actually measure their primary construct of ______.
a. concentric zones
b. culture
c. environment
d. social disorganization
15. According to cultural theories of crime in the United States, what large group
blatantly denies the middle-class norms of society?
a. Arian Brotherhood
b. Gothic subculture
c. environmental activists
d. no such groups exist
16. According to the text, most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their
children to believe in conventional values, such as all of the following EXCEPT
______.
a. delayed gratification
b. respect authority
c. hard work
d. autonomy
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
17. ______ model assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same
five zones.
a. Zones in transition
b. Natural areas
c. Concentric circles
d. Urban sprawl
18. All of the following are considered part of the six (6) focal concerns proposed
by Miller EXCEPT ______.
a. autonomy
b. trouble
c. smartness
d. engagement
19. According to Shaw and McKay, the neighborhoods that have the highest
rates of crime typically have all of the following common problems EXCEPT
______.
a. poverty
b. permanent population
c. physical dilapidation
d. heterogeneity
20. What is the name of a recent program that focuses on children in early
grades and has been shown to be effective in producing gains in conflict
resolution, development of prosocial values, and reductions in aggression?
a. Peace Builders
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
b. Start Now
c. Conciliation Corp.
d. Lean In Inc.
21. What city did experts identify as the fastest-growing city in the United States
due to it growing from about 5000 people in the early 1800s to more than 2
million people by 1900?
a. Boston
b. New York
c. Chicago
d. Baltimore
22. In the Chicago School, this zone was once residential but is becoming more
industrial because of invading factories; it tends to have the highest crime rates
and is also known a Zone II.
a. zone of affect
b. zone in transition
c. combat zone
d. crisis zone
23. Which theorist devised the theory of concentric circles?
a. McKay
b. Shaw
c. Burgess
d. Miller
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
24. According to Burgess’s theory of concentric circles, Zone ______ was the
“workingmen’s homes,” largely made up of relatively modest homes and
apartments; Zone ______ consisted of higher-priced family dwellings and more
expensive apartments.
a. V; VI
b. IV; V
c. I; II
d. III; IV
25. Within the zone in transition, Shaw and McKay believed that a breakdown in
informal social controls existed and that children began to learn offending norms
from their interactions with peers on the street through what they called ______.
a. play activities
b. petty crimes
c. misdemeanor experiments
d. anti-norms
26. According to Shaw and McKay, cities with the highest rates of crime have at
least three factors: physical dilapidation, poverty, and ______.
a. large police forces
b. homogeneity
c. heterogeneity
d. housing shortages
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
27. What is an example of heterogeneity?
a. a city where most people are from the same ethnic background
b. a city where the people are from a variety of ethnic backgrounds
c. a small community where most people are over the age of 64
d. a large community where most people are under the age of 14
28. In addition to poverty, heterogeneity, and physical dilapidation, what two
additional factors did Shaw and McKay notice in high crime areas?
a. gangs and lots of single-family homes
b. hunger and lots of apartment complexes
c. transient residents and unemployment
d. curfew laws and anti-loitering rules
29. Which statement is false?
a. Shaw and McKay conducted research and provided data to support their
theories.
b. Social disorganization occurs when the older youth in a community provide a
system of organization for juveniles that is often unlawful.
c. Some of the antecedent social ills that are part of the system of social
disorganization are infant mortality, high rates of disease, and unemployment.
d. The theory of social disorganization supports and reinforces all of the claims of
Social Darwinism.
30. What is one general criticism of Shaw and McKay mentioned in the chapter?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
a. It focuses too much on the macro level of offending and ignores the micro
level.
b. It has been virtually ignored by other researchers and criminologists.
c. Research in the field and data collected have refuted their theories.
d. Modern-day, high-crime cities do not have dilapidated structures, poverty, or
heterogeneity.
31. What criticism has been made against Shaw and McKay regarding Zone II?
a. Data shows other zones have higher crime rates and social problems.
b. They did not focus on slowing down the invasion of factories and businesses.
c. Only the wealthy lived in this zone, and it got all of their attention.
d. No other researchers recognized these zones.
32. Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in
society that socialize their children to believe that ______.
a. there are groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain
activities that break the law are good ways to behave.
b. other cultural groups are inferior to them and are the cause of all criminal
violations in society.
c. the police are to be feared and that they should obey the law at all costs to
avoid interacting with them.
d. laws are to be obeyed despite what personal opinions one might have about
them.
33. What did Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s claim was a culturally learned adaptation
to deal with negative life circumstances?
a. manipulation
b. violence
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
c. apathy
d. ambition
34. A pocket of individuals who may have a set of norms that deviate from
conventional values are a ______.
a. sample
b. culture
c. subculture
d. division
35. Walter Miller contended that the lower-class had its own cultural value
system based on six ______.
a. theories
b. commandments
c. credos
d. focal concerns
36. Walter Miller’s six focal concerns are: fate, autonomy, trouble, toughness,
______ and _______.
a. excitement; smartness
b. sex; independence
c. success; intelligence
d. money; prestige