Criminology Chapter 08 Which Theory Takes The Basic Ideas

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank

CHAPTER 8: SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES OF CRIME I: EARLY

DEVELOPMENT AND STRAIN MODELS OF CRIME

Multiple Choice

1. All of the following are considered important European researchers from which

social structure theories were developed EXCEPT ______.

a. Andre-Michel Guerry

b. Thomas Hobbes

c. Adolphe Quetelet

d. Auguste Comte

2. Who is credited with coining the term sociology?

a. Andre-Michel Guerry

b. Thomas Hobbes

c. Adolphe Quetelet

d. Auguste Comte

3. When law enforcement “cracks down” on gangs in relatively inactive periods,

researchers claim it results in making the gang ______.

a. stronger

b. experience no change

c. weaker

d. break apart

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

4. When law enforcement cracks down on gangs, especially during relatively

inactive periods, gangs will be stronger due to ______.

a. giving members a common enemy

b. making drug access easier

c. providing more guns to gang members

d. police corruption

5. Durkheim claimed that in order to reduce excessive control of citizens and

stagnation in creative thought, there has to be deviation from established moral

boundaries in society, especially societies in the more ______.

a. industrial stage

b. mechanical stage

c. historic stage

d. post-industrial stage

6. Durkheim emphasized that human beings, unlike other animal species that live

according to their ______, have no internal mechanism to signal when their

needs and desires are satiated.

a. natural needs

b. spontaneous needs

c. instinctual needs

d. none of these

7. Criminal gangs primarily commit what types of crimes?

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

a. sexual or violent assaults

b. economic or property crimes

c. vandalism

d. murder or attempted murder

8. Durkheim showed that the rate of suicide was lower among individuals that

had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ______.

a. adherents of religions that were more interactive and communal

b. young

c. married

d. had children

9. Guerry found that ______ crimes were higher in wealthy areas but ______

crime was higher in poor areas.

a. property; violent

b. property; economic

c. economic; violent

d. violent; property

10. One thing all forms of strain theory have in common is their emphasis on a

sense of ______ in crime causation.

a. gratification

b. frustration

c. satisfaction

d. contentment

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

11. According to the text, providing an individual with a/an ______ is key to

building a more stable life, leaving the individual less likely to feel stressed or

“strained.”

a. money

b. education

c. job

d. mentor

12. All of the following are considered conventional means of success EXCEPT

______.

a. hard work

b. dealing drugs

c. getting an education

d. employment

13. All of the following are considered categories of strain within the general

strain theory proposed by Agnew EXCEPT ______.

a. failure to conform to conventional means

b. noxious stimuli

c. failure to achieve goals

d. removal of positive stimuli

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

14. Which of the following would fit best with Merton’s adaptation of ritualism?

a. corner boy

b. delinquent boy

c. criminal boy

d. college boy

15. A type of gang that forms in lower-class neighborhoods with an organized

structure of adult criminal behavior (highly organized and stable) is ______.

a. retreatist gangs

b. conflict gangs

c. criminal gangs

d. organized crime gangs

16. Who created differential opportunity theory?

a. Merton

b. Durkheim

c. Hirschi

d. Darwin

17. Who is credited with being the most influential theorist in modern structural

perspectives of criminality?

a. Andre-Michel Guerry

b. Thomas Hobbes

c. Adolphe Quetelet

d. Émile Durkheim

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

18. Quetelet stated that individuals who were more likely to commit crime than

their counterparts had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ______.

a. educated

b. male

c. young

d. unemployed

19. The ______ is a type of lower-class male youth who responds to strains and

status frustration by joining with similar others in a group to commit crime.

a. college boy

b. corner boy

c. criminal boy

d. delinquent boy

20. ______ showed that certain types of individuals were more likely to commit

crime.

a. Andre-Michel Guerry

b. Thomas Hobbes

c. Adolphe Quetelet

d. Auguste Comte

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

21. What or who can provide the mechanism for limiting human individuals’

insatiable appetite for more?

a. media

b. individual ego

c. society

d. family

22. According to Cohen, youths begin to value destruction of property and

skipping school because these behaviors ______.

a. defy the conventional order

b. lead to success in the conventional world

c. lead to a payoff in the unconventional world

d. defy the means and goals of society

23. Cohen’s theory of reaction formation is related to what theorist’s defense

mechanisms?

a. Merton

b. Freud

c. Agnew

d. Durkheim

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

24. Studies focused on reducing crime among high-risk youth concluded that

providing an individual with a/an ______, or the preparation for such, is key to

building a more stable life.

a. automobile

b. parental figure

c. after-school mentor

d. job

25. What do we call the perception that results when relatively poor people live in

close proximity to relatively wealthy people?

a. comparative disparity

b. relative deprivation

c. strained comparison

d. faulty esteem

26. Similarities in daily routine and constant interaction with like members of

society lead to a strong uniformity in values that Durkheim called ______.

a. cultural conformity

b. collective conscience

c. outlier avoidance

d. societal uniformity

27. What did Durkheim call primitive societies with a simple distribution of labor

and high level of agreement about social norms and rules?

a. organic societies

b. collective societies

c. mechanical societies

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

d. nirvana societies

28. This imbalance in emphasis between the ______ and _______ of societies is

what Merton called anomie.

a. goals; means

b. rich; poor

c. criminals; non-offenders

d. government; citizens

29. Merton identified conformity, innovation, rebellion, retreatism, and ritualism as

______.

a. the pathway to crime

b. adaptation to strain

c. main personality types

d. family archetypes

30. Which adaptation to strain would most likely lead someone to become a

predatory street criminal?

a. rebellion

b. retreatism

c. innovation

d. ritualism

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

31. Cohen’s “college boy” is best matched with Merton’s ______ type of

adaptation to strain.

a. retreatism

b. rebellion

c. ritualism

d. conformity

32. A Freudian defense mechanism applied to Cohen’s theory of youth offending,

which involves adopting attitudes or committing behaviors that are opposite of

what is expected.

a. delinquent boy

b. reaction formation

c. rebellion

d. revolt

33. Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity Theory is similar to Merton and

Cohen’s theories in many ways; however, it recognizes ______ and _______

opportunities.

a. educational, vocational

b. urban, rural

c. legal, illegal

d. economic, emotional

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e

SAGE Publishing, 2021

34. According to differential opportunity theory, the three types of gangs are

criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and ______ gangs.

a. economic

b. juvenile

c. variation

d. retreatist

35. According to Cloward and Ohlin, what type of gang fits Merton’s rebellion the

best due to striving for status and being blocked from legitimate and illegitimate

opportunities for making money?

a. criminal

b. conflict

c. retreatist

d. juvenile

36. According to Cloward and Ohlin, what type of gangs fit Merton’s retreatist

adaptation the best, violates the law most through drug usage, and is blocked

from both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for making money?

a. criminal

b. conflict

c. retreatist

d. juvenile

37. Which theory takes the basic ideas of Merton, Cohen, Cloward, and Ohlin

and adds two additional theories of strain: presentation of noxious stimuli and

removal of positively valued stimuli.

a. differential opportunity