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38. The M’Naghten rule, the Irresistible Impulse Test, the Durham Test, and
American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code test are all standards for establishing
a/an ______ defense in court.
a. insanity
b. self-defense
c. automatism
d. duress
39. Offenders are not criminally responsible, even if they are aware of their
conduct, if this behavior was the “product of mental disease or defect,” according
to the ______ defense.
a. M’Naghten
b. Irresistible Impulse
c. Durham Test
d. Model Penal Code
40. Which insanity defense contends that a person is not responsible for criminal
conduct if, at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect,
s/he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of the
conduct or to conform the conduct to the requirements of the law?
a. M’Naghten
b. Irresistible Impulse
c. Durham Test
d. Model Penal Code
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True/False
1. In most instances, the ego can cope with anxiety through rational measures.
2. The ego is the moderator between the demands of an instinct (i.e., the id), the
superego, and reality.
3. The preconventional level of morality is characteristic of designating what is
considered “right” and “wrong” based on the rules of those in authority.
4. In ancient history, according to lex talionis—or the “an-eye-for-an–eye”
philosophy when dealing with offenders—the father of a raped daughter was
allowed to rape the rapist’s wife.
5. Freud used the term sex in a broader context; thus, sex included those things,
such as painting, that give people pleasure.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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6. In early childhood, girls often gravitate toward the morality of justice, while
boys gravitate toward the morality of care.
7. During the 1960s and 1970s, biological explanations of crime lost favor and
environmental or sociological explanations became palatable.
8. Goddard believed that intelligence, or IQ, was static or innate and could not
change over time.
9. Attachment theory was influenced heavily by the work of Freud and other
psychoanalytic theorists.
10. Psychoticism includes traits such as being sociable, lively, active, assertive,
dominant, and carefree.
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11. Originally, Eysenck focused on the two personality dimensions of neuroticism
and extroversion.
12. It is more difficult to condition extroverts than introverts.
13. Some of the most intense and passionate emotions are associated with
attachment relationships.
14. A child being from a broken home or a single-parent household is not
necessarily an influential factor; rather, it is the parent’s failure to teach the child
the consequences of his or her actions.
15. Wilson and Herrnstein contend that at any time, a person can choose
between committing a crime and not committing a crime.
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16. Freud insisted that the ego and superego can never operate at an
unconscious level.
17. Most sociological theories of crime focus on shared factors that may
influence offenders to commit crime.
18. Goddard believed an individual’s IQ could change over time.
19. In the 1960s, biological explanations of criminal behavior were the most
accepted explanations of criminal behavior.
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20. Wilson and Herrnstein contend that at any time, a person can choose
between committing a crime and not committing a crime.
21. Wilson and Herrnstein tested their ratio of rewards through extensive
empirical research.
22. The percentage of people who have mental illnesses is higher in correctional
facilities than the general populations.
23. The number of criminal offenders with mental disorders decreases every
year.
24. Robert Morgan’s research indicated that targeted treatments and
interventions could improve mental illness and criminality.
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25. Lykken contended that psychopaths have a low fear quotient.
Essay
1. List and describe the key features that distinguish a psychopath from other
criminal offenders.
2. Describe the three dimensions associated with Hans Eysenck’s theory of
crime and personality.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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3. Identify the general principles of psychoanalysis and how psychoanalysis
applies to criminal behavior.
4. What is the M’Naghten rule?
5. What is the Irresistible Impulse Test?
6. What is the PEN model, and who developed it? Write a sample question that
could be used to test individuals for every dimension of the PEN model.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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7. What types of studies most frequently reference attachment theory? What are
some real life applications of these studies?
8. According to attachment theory, an infant develops an attachment to a
“primary figure.” What type of person is considered the primary figure?
9. To achieve an ideal level of arousal, what do extroverts need, according to
Eysenck?
10. Neuroticism is linked to many traits. List three (3) different traits an individual
may exhibit when considered neurotic.
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11. According to Gilligan, why may girls fail to develop within the constraints of
Kohlberg’s system of moral development?
12. According to Freud, what can happen if unconscious experiences are not
brought to awareness by the individual?
13. Explain the three (3) levels of moral development according to Kohlberg and
the several stages of reasoning within these levels.
14. What is the Durham rule?
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15. What are the policy implications that could be developed based upon this
research in this chapter?