Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank
CHAPTER 7: PSYCHOLOGICAL/TRAIT THEORIES OF CRIME
Multiple Choice
1. Sociological theories of crime look at shared factors that may increase crime in
society, while ______ theories focus on factors that may cause a specific
individual to commit a crime.
a. conflict
b. interaction
c. psychological
d. symbolic
2. Psychological theories of crime focus on ______.
a. the role of schools and courts on criminality
b. the impact of deterrence and retribution on criminality
c. the influence of an individual’s experiences, emotional adjustment, or
personality on criminality
d. the impact of governmental structures and other large institutions on criminality
3. The ______ evolves during individual development when restrictions, mores,
and values of society are learned.
a. id
b. superego
c. ego
d. libido
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
4. ______ developed the controversial concept of psychoanalysis, founded on
the perception of resistance used by individuals when therapists attempt to make
them conscious of their unconscious.
a. August Aichhorn
b. Albert Fish
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Erik Erikson
5. ______ is considered a warning of looming danger or a painful experience and
results in the individual attempting to fix the situation.
a. Stress
b. Defense mechanism
c. Unconscious
d. Anxiety
6. Delinquency is considered ______ when it results in antisocial behavior.
a. latent
b. manifest
c. dormant
d. hysteric
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
7. According to Kohlberg, the ______ is characteristic of designating what is
considered “right” and “wrong” according to those in authority; rewards and
punishments are key components.
a. preconventional level of morality
b. conventional level of morality
c. subconventional level of morality
d. postconventional level of morality
8. According to Eysenck, for neurotics, the biological link is in the sympathetic
part of the autonomic nervous system, which involves ______.
a. pain and punishment
b. excitement
c. fight and flight reactions
d. antisocial behavior
9. Individuals with low psychoticism are characterized as being all of the following
EXCEPT ______.
a. egocentric
b. empathetic
c. peaceful
d. altruistic
10. A central feature of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory is that moral development
occurs in ______.
a. isolation
b. ages
c. groups
d. stages
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
11. ______ attachments are enduring and persistent. These attachments can
sometimes last throughout a person’s life.
a. Specificity
b. Engagement of emotion
c. Organization
d. Duration
12. All of the following are considered levels of low IQ by Goddard EXCEPT
______.
a. moron
b. imbecile
c. fool
d. idiot
13. People with low IQ scores are somewhat destined to be all of the following
EXCEPT ______.
a. commit crime
b. unsuccessful in school
c. produce illegitimate children
d. employed
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
14. The dominant ______ political climate of the 1960s was one of optimism with
the perception that any social problem could be solved.
a. independent
b. liberal
c. conservative
d. libertarian
15. ______ refers specifically to antisocial personalities that are due to social or
familial dysfunction.
a. Psychopath
b. Sadist
c. Sociopath
d. Masochist
16. The term insanity is a ______ term.
a. legal
b. medical
c. social
d. psychological
17. ______ examined adolescents struggling to discover their own ego identity
while negotiating, learning, and understanding social interactions, as well as
developing a sense of morality and right and wrong.
a. August Aichhorn
b. Albert Fish
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Erik Erikson
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
18. The ______ is a standard for the insanity defense where offenders can claim
that, due to mental disease, they were unable to control their behavior.
a. M’Naghten Rule
b. irresistible impulse test
c. Durham test
d. American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code
19. Which of the following states does not allow an insanity defense?
a. Texas
b. Kansas
c. Florida
d. North Dakota
20. ______ is in the first nine (9) months of an infant’s life when he or she
develops an attachment to a primary figure.
a. Course of development
b. Biological function
c. Engagement of emotion
d. Duration
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
21. Some have referred to the “in and out” of prison and/or jail among offenders
with mental health disorders as “______.”
a. the recidivism problem
b. the repetition issue
c. the revolving door
d. the insanity paradigm
22. What would be an example of primarily prevention?
a. a family member or teacher making a referral for an individual who is not
deemed at-risk to offend
b. a probation condition that mandates substance abuse treatment
c. a mandatory program within a prison that provides psychotherapy
d. a guidance counselor intervening on behalf of an “at risk”’ student and making
a referral to a therapist
23. What would be an example of tertiary prevention?
a. an elective course at a high school that promotes physical and mental
wellness
b. an alternative high school for at risk teens that provides targeted supports for
all students
c. CPR and First Aid classes for young mothers at the local community center
d. an aftercare program upon release from prison
24. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs have resulted in
offenders demonstrating improved behavioral functioning and ______.
a. reductions in criminal recidivism
b. increases in criminal recidivism
c. lowered employment rates
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
d. a higher divorce rate
25. The ______ is a subconscious domain of the psyche that is responsible for
our innate desires and drives, such as libido.
a. ego
b. id
c. superego
d. conscience
26. In addition to the id, ego, and superego, anxiety, ______, and the
unconscious are also key principles of Freud’s psychoanalytical perspective.
a. stages of childhood development
b. levels of moral development
c. defense mechanisms
d. societal realizations
27. August Aichhorn attempted to use psychoanalysis to uncover the
unconscious motives of ______ engaging in delinquent behavior.
a. women
b. juveniles
c. mental patients
d. the elderly
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
28. According to Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which stage would
say, “an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth”?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
29. When faced with the Heinz Dilemma, an individual might decide that it is
morally right to steal the medicine for his wife because preserving life is of utmost
importance. Such an individual is at Stage ______ of moral development.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
30. Attachment theory has seven basic features: specificity, duration,
engagement of emotion, course of development, learning, organization, and
______.
a. biological function
b. neuroticism
c. maternal bonding
d. paternal affection
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
31. Although Wilson and Herrnstein didn’t give their theories a name, some
scholars have suggested ______ theory of criminality.
a. militant attachment
b. operant-utilitarian
c. narcissist adaptive
d. hereditary-impulsive
32. Wilson and Herrnstein attempted to explain street crime by demonstrating
how human nature develops and evolves from the interaction of social
environment, family relationships, and ______.
a. governmental influence
b. cultural bias
c. biological makeup
d. gender stereotypes
33. What was the most controversial aspect of Wilson and Herrnstein’s
theoretical perspective?
a. social environment
b. family relationships
c. governmental influence
d. biological makeup
34. What term refers to individuals whose antisocial behavior may be a result of a
defect or abnormality within themselves?
a. psychopath
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
b. sociopath
c. schizophrenic
d. manic-depressive
35. Which type of psychopath is more prone to extensive symptoms of
psychological turmoil and emotional reactivity?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. first degree
d. second degree
36. ______ is an integrated cognitive behavioral change program that includes
cognitive restructuring, social skill development, and the development of
problem-solving skills.
a. Cognitive Reset Program
b. Skills Development for Life
c. Thinking for a Change
d. Problem Solvers Inc.
37. Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, severe depression,
and anxiety disorders are examples of the severe and persistent disorders that
qualify offenders to participate in ______ courts.
a. drug
b. mental health
c. juvenile
d. district