Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank
CHAPTER 6: MODERN BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Multiple Choice
1. ______ studied a family, the Kallikaks, to determine if there is a link between
heredity and criminality.
a. H. H. Goddard
b. Richard L. Dugdale
c. Sarnoff Mednick
d. Patricia A. Jacobs
2. Children who were studied in the adoption studies were given up for adoption
prior to ______ of age, which is important when understanding the parental
impact.
a. 6 months
b. 1 year
c. 5 years
d. 10 years
3. Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective
placement, the ultimate findings of these studies are still ______.
a. completely valid
b. somewhat valid
c. completely invalid
d. unknown
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
4. The environments in which the “twins separated at birth” individuals were
raised in were often ______.
a. extremely similar
b. similar
c. unknown
d. extremely different
5. The findings of “twins separated at birth” studies have shown that ______
have/has a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal
behavior.
a. genetics
b. environment
c. social bonds
d. stigmata
6. Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but
slow in terms of social and intelligence skills.
a. XYY
b. XXY
c. XXX
d. XO
7. In one study, the more the chromosomal mutation produced ______
hormones, the less likely individuals were to commit criminal acts.
a. feminine
b. masculine
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
c. both A and B are correct
d. stress
8. After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized, researchers
moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus
nurture debate?
a. twin studies
b. family studies
c. adoption studies
d. twins separated at birth studies
9. Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom ______ were
the least likely to become criminal.
a. both sets of parents were criminal
b. their biological parents were not criminal while the adoptive parents were
criminal
c. their biological parents were criminal while the adoptive parents were not
criminal
d. neither set of parents were criminal
10. The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the
genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every ______ males.
a. 100
b. 1000
c. 100,000
d. 1,000,000
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
11. ______ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in
life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture.
a. H. H. Goddard
b. Richard L. Dugdale
c. Sarnoff Mednick
d. Patricia A. Jacobs
12. Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or
evening, when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female
hormones in their system, which can be important for policy development.
a. spatial
b. verbal
c. mathematical
d. analytical
13. The process of differential levels of hormones begins early in life, specifically
in about the ______ week after conception.
a. first
b. second
c. fifth
d. ninth
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
14. Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations through enhancing
the levels of ______ in an individual’s system.
a. serotonin
b. estrogen
c. testosterone
d. dopamine
15. Most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take
place in the ______.
a. occipital lobe
b. frontal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. parietal lobe
16. Typically, the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due
to ______.
a. environmental factors
b. random mutations
c. heredity
d. toxins
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
17. Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and
dizygotic twins are ______.
a. twin studies
b. adoption studies
c. twins separated at birth studies
d. cytogenetic studies
18. All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone
EXCEPT ______.
a. increased sensitivity to pain
b. enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation
c. higher levels of spatial aptitude
d. lower levels of verbal reasoning and empathy
19. Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors
consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about ______ of the
variance in antisocial behavior.
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
20. ______ studies of crime focus on the genetic makeup of individuals, with a
specific focus on abnormalities in their chromosomal makeup.
a. Family
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
b. Twin
c. Cytogenetic
d. Stigmata
21. Chromosomal mutations that have been studied (such as XYY) are ______.
a. always the result of genetics
b. due to random mutations in chromosomal formation
c. usually the result of a fetus ingesting toxins in utero
d. have only occurred in the past 10 years
22. The normal chromosomal makeup for women is ______.
a. XY
b. XXY
c. XYY
d. XX
23. One cytogenetic study examined the relative criminality and deviance of a
group of individuals in each category of chromosomal mutations and discovered
that ______.
a. the more the chromosomal mutation produced male hormones, the more likely
the individuals were to commit crimes
b. any chromosomal mutation resulted in an increased likelihood that the
individuals would commit crimes
c. all chromosomal mutations resulted in a decreased chance that the individual
would commit a crime
d. chromosomal mutations make no difference regarding the risk of future
criminal behavior
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
24. Damage to the frontal lobe or the ______ has the highest correlation with
future criminal activity.
a. cerebellum
b. brain stem
c. temporal lobe
d. occipital lobe
25. ______ twins are also called fraternal twins; they share the same amount of
DNA as any other type of siblings.
a. Monozygotic
b. Dizygotic
c. Superfecundation
d. Superfetation
26. ______ would most likely be more active in an individual’s brain when making
moral decision, compared to ______, which would be more active when making
logical decisions.
a. medial frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex
b. corpus callosum, brain stem
c. parietal lobe, putamen
d. occipital lobe, amygdala
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
27. Which chromosomal mutation represents Turner Syndrome?
a. XXX
b. XY
c. XYY
d. XO
28. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, this mutation results in a higher
likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to
criminality.
a. XXX
b. XXY
c. XYY
d. XO
29. Studies have shown that a high percentage of women committed crimes
during their premenstrual cycle, a time when they had low levels of ______
compared with progesterone.
a. cortisol
b. estrogen
c. prolactin
d. serotonin
30. Nervous system chemicals in the brain and body that help transmit electric
signals from one neuron to another are called ______.
a. neurotransmitters
b. thyroxines
c. medullas
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
d. adrenaline
31. High levels of ______ and other androgens tend to “masculinize” the brain
toward risk-taking behavior.
a. serotonin
b. progesterone
c. estrogen
d. testosterone
32. Studies have shown that individuals given shots of androgens before ______
tests tend to do significantly better on spatial and mathematics tests than they
would otherwise.
a. verbal
b. science
c. math
d. writing
33. ______ is a feel good chemical in the brain that is increased by illicit drugs,
such as cocaine.
a. Serotonin
b. Dopamine
c. Testosterone
d. Cortisol
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
34. The interaction of maternal ______ and a father’s absence in the household,
especially early in life, is associated with criminal behavior.
a. cigarette smoking
b. fast food consumption
c. excessive dieting
d. obesity
35. Which toxin is most associated with future criminal behavior after exposure?
a. tetanus
b. dioxin
c. lead
d. diphtheria
36. ______ iron and other minerals are significantly related to criminality.
a. Dietary deficiencies in
b. Food high in
c. Nutritional supplements containing
d. Baby formula containing