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b. no different than those of noncriminals
c. about 10 points higher than those of noncriminals
d. unable to be tested due to question bias
38. Scoring low on ______ intelligence has been found to be a predictor of future
criminality.
a. mathematical
b. spatial
c. verbal
d. kinesthetic
39. The ranking of body type and linking it to the risk of criminal behavior is called
______.
a. phrenology
b. somatotyping
c. physiotyping
d. body-mapping
40. Sheldon claimed that obese people were endomorphic and had this type of
jolly and lazy personality.
a. viscerotonic
b. somatotonic
c. cerebrotonic
d. entemotonic
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True/False
1. Eugenics is the study of and policies related to improvement of the human
race via control over selective reproduction.
2. Atavism is the belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are
throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development.
3. Lombroso’s documentation of some of the tattoos he saw on known criminal
offenders included many tattoos that featured female names or some motto such
as “born under an unlucky star” or “man of misfortune.” ______
4. The front portion of the brain is called the splenium.
5. Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research
concerning the born criminal.
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6. According to modern–day criminologists, Darwin’s theory is very relevant to
today’s society.
7. If people are born criminals, we can prevent them by medicating them at birth.
8. The Positive School is a perspective that assumes individuals have free will to
control their behavior.
9. According to Lombroso, people who are serious criminals are manifestations
of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.
10. Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the
guilt or innocence of the suspects.
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11. According to modern science and the creator of the measure, IQ cannot be
changed. Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their
lives.
12. The various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were
believed to conform to the shape of the brain.
13. Most entering freshmen in Ivy League schools, especially Harvard, were
asked to pose in three positions for photos in Sheldon’s studies. Many politicians
who have been in the news in the past few years were participants in his studies.
14. Sheldon tested his theory using poor methodology, and his validity was weak.
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15. Lombroso claimed that his list of stigmata could identify a born criminal by his
or her facial features.
16. Lombroso’s theories were published a decade before any of Darwin’s
writings.
17. Lombroso is considered the Father of the Positive School of criminology
because he was the first to gain prominence in identifying factors beyond free will
as the reason for criminal behavior.
18. Studies show that more than 90% of the world’s population have chosen the
same religious affiliation as their parents or caretakers.
19. Lombroso’s ideas had little influence or impact during his lifetime.
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20. No modern scientific studies support the idea that MPAs indicate future
behavioral problems.
21. Alfred Binet believed that a person’s IQ could change over one’s lifetime.
22. Goddard believed men were better than women at detecting feeble-
mindedness.
23. Goddard called the least intelligent group in the feeble-mindedness category
“idiots”.
24. There were two groups of people in Goddard’s feeble-mindedness category.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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25. In the 1920s, the Supreme Court banned the practice of sterilizing feeble–
minded individuals.
Essay
1. Explain Lombroso’s idea of the born criminal and atavism. What did the
concept of the born criminal mean for the criminal justice system? Can they be
reformed or rehabilitated? Why or why not.
2. Explain what positivism and determinism are. How is Lombroso associated
with this school of thought? Give two (2) examples of real-life situations in which
determinism has affected individual decisions and explain.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
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3. Explain determinism.
4. Explain the three (3) different body types according to William Sheldon and
how they relate to individual personality traits and temperament. What group had
the highest propensity for criminality, and why?
5. Lombroso’s theory was largely based on certain groups being atavistic. What
did this mean?
6. What is craniometry? What did craniometry studies find concerning ethnic
groups and portions of the brain?
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7. How did Goddard use the concept of IQ testing? How was his concept of the
IQ different than the original premise of the measure? How could these ideas and
assumptions affect policies and practices of the criminal justice system?
8. Should an individual’s IQ be taken into account when they have committed a
crime? Make sure your argument ties in Goddard’s theories.
9. How does examining the tattoos of criminals not coincide with Lombroso’s
born criminal theory?
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10. How can identifying young children on the basis of observed stigmata be
detrimental to the child?
11. How was Sheldon’s research on body types and temperament flawed?
12. Can you think of any modern-day examples that are similar to Sheldon’s
research on body types, often referred to as somatotyping?
13. What two (2) political movements of the early 1900s did Lombroso’s theory
coincide with?
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14. How important is timing in relation to social acceptance of a theory or
proposition?
15. According to Darwin, what is natural selection?