Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank
CHAPTER 5: EARLY POSITIVISM: BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
Multiple Choice
1. Scientists and academics became aware that the Classical School of
criminology and deterrence framework did not explain ______.
a. what could stop individuals from committing crime
b. where most crimes were occurring
c. why individuals committed crime
d. the distribution of crime
2. The emphasis on science in criminology started in the ______ and provided a
basis for what continues today.
a. mid-1700s
b. mid-1800s
c. mid-1900s
d. beginning of the 21st century
3. ______ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control
their behavior.
a. Classical School
b. Positive School
c. Evolutionary theory
d. Neoclassical School
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
4. Later studies of craniometry revealed ______ between size of the skull/brain
and certain behaviors or personality traits.
a. a small correlation
b. a large correlation
c. no correlation
d. an unknown correlation
5. ______ is the science of determining human disposition based on distinctions
(bumps) in the skull.
a. Craniometry
b. Phrenology
c. Atavism
d. Physiognomy
6. Darwin’s theory laid the groundwork for what major scientific theory of crime?
a. rational choice
b. craniometry
c. routine activities
d. born criminals
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
7. Sheldon’s theoretical approach, which was based on body typing, was largely
known as ______.
a. endotyping
b. cromotyping
c. somatotyping
d. phrenology
8. According to Sheldon, all embryos must develop ______ distinct tissue layers,
which are still acknowledged by perinatal medical researchers.
a. four
b. five
c. three
d. six
9. The lowest group on the ranked order of low IQ individuals according to
Goddard was the ______.
a. morons
b. idiots
c. imbeciles
d. fools
10. When Goddard determined that his IQ measurement was flawed, he lowered
the criteria for mental age from 12 to ______.
a. 4
b. 5
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
c. 8
d. 10
11. According to Goddard, the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the
genetic pool was the ______.
a. moron
b. idiot
c. imbecile
d. fool
12. Which researcher first developed the measurement we know today as IQ?
a. Goddard
b. Darwin
c. Lombroso
d. Binet
13. Lombroso’s model of stigmata as predictors of antisocial problems is more
accepted by ______ than they are by ______.
a. criminologists; political science
b. modern medical science; criminologists
c. criminologists; modern medical science
d. political science; criminologists
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
14. Several perspectives were created in the mid-1800s that were focused on
determining which individuals or groups were most likely to commit crime. These
perspectives were likely developed in relation to ______.
a. women’s rights
b. class relationships
c. slavery
d. prisoner rights
15. Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in
terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ______.
a. occipital lobe
b. right temporal lobe
c. left temporal lobe
d. frontal lobe
16. Stigmata not only consisted of deviant facial and bodily features that a person
could be born with but also some extra physiological features that were not
congenital, such as ______.
a. tattoos
b. simian crease
c. malformed ears
d. head circumference
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
17. Which individual is known for labeling low IQ as feeble-mindedness?
a. Goddard
b. Binet
c. Sheldon
d. Lombroso
18. Which individual is known for saying people were born criminal?
a. Goddard
b. Binet
c. Sheldon
d. Lombroso
19. All of the following are policy implications derived from the theories and
findings discussed in Chapter 5 EXCEPT ______.
a. medical screening at birth for MPAs
b. mandatory co-ed classes at all grade levels
c. mandatory health insurance for pregnant mothers and children
d. youth screening for abnormal levels of hormones, neurotransmitters, and
toxins
20. MPAs are red flags signaling problems, especially in ______ ability, that are
likely to significantly impact criminal behavior.
a. cognitive
b. athletic
c. economic
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
d. tactile
21. Certain school districts have implemented same-sex classes in response to
the influence of Lombroso’s theories. What is the likely reason why?
a. So teachers can screen for MPAs, such as malformed ears and the simian
crease.
b. Because research has shown that males and females are predisposed to
excel and/or fail in different academic areas.
c. To test hypotheses of Social Darwinism, such as “survival of the fittest” and
natural selection.
d. To start administering surveys about future criminality as soon as possible.
22. What do we call the study of and policies related to improvement of the
human race via control over selective reproduction?
23. What is the belief that the size of the brain or skull represents the superiority
or inferiority of certain individuals or ethnic/racial groups?
a. etymology
b. phrenology
c. craniometry
d. physiognomy
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
24. Which tenet of phrenology turned out to be correct?
a. The shape of the skull conforms to the shape of the brain.
b. Certain parts of the brain are responsible for specific tasks.
c. Human dispositions can be predicted by bumps on the skull.
d. A bump on an individual’s skull indicates a brain abnormality.
25. Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in
terms of criminality regarding trauma is in the area ______.
a. above the left ear
b. above the right ear
c. at the base of the skull
d. at the top of the skull
26. What is the study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental
problems, such as criminality?
a. phrenology
b. physiognomy
c. entomology
d. epistemology
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
27. Who is considered the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive
School for his contributions to the field in the late 19th century?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Robert D. Hare
c. Enrico Ferri
d. Cesare Lombroso
28. Which statement below is consistent with Lombroso’s Theory of Crime?
a. Environmental factors, such as pollution and climate, are the strongest
predictors of future criminal behavior.
b. People who are serious criminals are manifestations of lower forms of
humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.
c. Governments should create alternative ways of punishing criminals, such as
community service or restorative justice.
d. Individuals under the age of 18 should not face penalties for engaging in
criminal behavior.
29. According to Lombroso, what is the best way for societies to prevent crime?
a. by identifying born criminals through stigmata
b. by treating future criminals through psychotherapy
c. by offering service to parents of targeted children
d. by paying criminals not to reproduce
30. Physical manifestations of the atavism of an individual that indicate features
of a prior evolutionary stage of development are called ______.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
a. adaptism
b. stigmata
c. etiology
d. attribution
31. The manifestation of more than ______ stigmata indicates that an individual
is atavistic and thus a born criminal.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9
32. The statement, “Human behavior and the choices we make are not purely the
result of free will and choice,” is best supported by the idea of ______.
a. deterrence
b. rationalism
c. determinism
d. classicalism
33. Malformed ears, a furrowed tongue, and a simian crease are all examples of
______.
a. MPAs
b. encoding
c. habituation
d. craniography
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
34. The quantified measure of IQ was originated by ______.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Charles Darwin
c. H.H. Goddard
d. Alfred Binet
35. Who believed IQ was static and could not be changed.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Charles Darwin
c. H.H. Goddard
d. Alfred Binet
36. What term did Goddard use to call people with below-average intelligence?
a. savants
b. feeble-mindedness
c. sapere
d. prodigy-mindedness
37. An important study conducted in the 1970s by Travis Hirschi and Michael
Hindelang found that even among youths in the same race and social class the
IQs of delinquents or criminals were ______.
a. about 10 points lower than those of noncriminals