Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
39. A teenager who is forced to wear a sign that says “Smoked pot, got caught!
Don’t I look cool? NOT!” is participating in a shaming strategy and is being
influenced by a/an ______.
a. informal form of deterrence
b. formal form of deterrence
c. motivated offender
d. suitable target
40. Although the Classical/Neoclassical model fell out of favor in terms of
criminological theorizing for about 100 years, it experienced a rebirth in ______.
a. the 1910s and 1920s
b. the 1920s and 1930s
c. the 1940s and 1950s
d. the 1960s and 1970s
True/False
1. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Beccarian model of offending
experienced a rebirth largely due to scientific reviews showing that the
rehabilitation programs popular during the 1960s had virtually no impact in
reducing recidivism among offenders, especially chronic offenders.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
2. Aggregate studies are a collection of studies, generally on a particular topic.
3. Aggregate studies conducted in the 1960s showed evidence that increased
risk or certainty of punishment was not associated with less crime for most
serious offenses.
4. Studies that collect data primarily from one point in time are known as cross–
sectional studies.
5. Longitudinal research studies found behavior was influencing perceptions of
the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing
behavior.
6. The experiential effect is the extent to which previous experience affects
individuals’ perceptions of how severe criminal punishment will be when deciding
whether or not to offend again.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
7. Vignettes are short interviews.
8. An example of informal deterrent effects would be the involvement of law
enforcement, courts, and corrections.
9. People who fear punishment cannot be effectively deterred.
10. Informal sanctions and controls matter the most to the majority of society, as
compared with other sanctions.
11. Most offenders who are arrested are arrested again throughout their lifetime.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
12. The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the
first time in Jack Katz’s 1988 publication Seductions of Crime.
13. Males are more influenced by shame and moral beliefs when deciding to
commit offenses as compared with females.
14. Global positioning systems (GPS) used by police departments have been
used to catch serial killers in the past.
15. According to studies, most people who have never driven drunk have an
unrealistically high likelihood of arrest.
16. Run down motels and strip malls are examples of “hot spots”.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
17. The aggregate studies of the 1960s resulted in a complete rejection of
Beccaria’s ideas.
18. Cross-sectional studies focus on individual perceptions of certainty and
severity of sanctions.
19. The modern classical school theories are highly consistent with the
conservative “get tough” movement that started in the mid-1970s.
20. Vignettes are short, descriptive sketches used in scenario studies.
21. Scenario research relies on individual perceptions across long stretches of
time.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
22. A person’s fear of being assaulted in prison is a formal deterrent.
23. Rational choice theory assumes that individuals are in control of their
impulses.
24. No correlation exists between excessive alcohol consumption and committing
crime.
25. Most experts agree that the risk of getting caught driving drunk is very high.
Essay
1. Aggregate studies revealed a new interest in deterrence and supported the
importance of what two Beccarian ideas?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
2. Why do individuals who have been arrested for driving drunk predict the future
chances of being caught as low?
3. Develop a vignette for use in a scenario research project. How would this
vignette help determine individual perceptions of certainty and severity of
punishment?
4. What is the experiential effect? Give an example. Can this effect be combated
or changed, and if so, how?
5. What is a hot spot? How do police departments use GPS (global positioning
systems) software in relation to hot spots, and what can it help to predict? How
can police departments use this information to serve the public better?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
6. What is one of the major issues concerning deterrence theory?
7. Provide examples of informal and formal social control.
8. Give two (2) examples of a hot spot.
9. Explain lifestyles theory.
10. Create a policy implication that can be derived from the theories and scientific
findings of this chapter.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
11. How can increased lighting be considered a form of guardianship?
12. Why are establishments that serve alcohol, such as a bar, a typical target for
motivated offenders?
13. How is certainty of punishment typically measured in studies (name one of
the two)?
14. According to routine activities theory, crime and victimization are highest in
places where what three (3) factors come together? Explain each factor and give
an example of a crime where all three (3) factors are present.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
15. Create a scenario of a crime that was committed that would be supported
under routine activities theory.