Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
39. ______ analysis of crime focuses on crime places. One major aspect is
mapping crimes which provide information as location, distance, direction, and
pattern.
a. Spatial
b. Navigational
c. Directional
d. Incorporational
40. Criminologists have also explored whether there is a relationship between
criminal activity and location. These criminologists attempt to understand crime
with what are called ______ theories.
a. hate crime statistics
b. bias characteristic
c. social ecological
d. criminalistics
True/False
1. The victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks were classified as victims of murder.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
2. An outlier is an extreme value that significantly differs from the rest of the
distribution.
3. The dark figure of crime is a count of the worst crimes in the United States in a
given year.
4. Compiling and analyzing crime data can be used to justify programs and
policies that try to address criminal activity.
5. Law enforcement agencies across the United States began collecting crime
data in 2010.
6. The UCR is a “summary–based system,” meaning these data are a summary,
or total count, of crimes based on the reporting agencies.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
7. Homicides are more likely to be reported compared to other crimes counted in
the UCR.
8. Compared to other offenses such as forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated
assault, reports about homicide offenses are less likely to have details regarding
the incident, such as data on the victims and/or offenders.
9. SHR collects additional information pertaining to the incident, including details
of the murder victim and offender, their relationship to one another, the weapon
used, and the circumstances in each criminal homicide.
10. The NVSS data are a subset of the General Social Survey (GSS).
11. There is no separate reporting system or data collection on hate crimes
across the United States.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
12. On April 23, 1990, the president signed into law the Hate Crime Statistics Act
of 1990.
13. Hate crimes are not separate, distinct crimes, but rather traditional offenses
motivated by the offender’s bias.
14. The FBI does not collect data on the number of law enforcement officers
killed and assaulted in the United States each year.
15. The Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) is a
supplementary data collection program of the UCR.
16. In 2002, Dr. Paul Leighton, a professor of criminology, argued that the victims
of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks should not be included in the annual
report of Crime in the United States.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
17. Nationally, there are five different methods of gathering crime statistics.
18. Most crimes are not reported to law enforcement agencies.
19. According to the FBI, Part II crimes are more serious than Part I crimes.
20. Using UCR data, one can obtain detailed information on individual crimes.
21. As of 2019, approximately 43% of U.S. law enforcement agencies participate
in NIBRS.
22. The primary purpose of the NCVS is to provide insight about crimes that are
not reported to law enforcement agencies.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
23. Crimes such as prostitution, drug dealing, and gambling are usually revealed
in NCVS interviews.
24. Crimes against businesses are not included in NCVS data.
25. Prior to 2013, the UCR measured rape as a crime against women only, while
the NCVS measures rape as a crime against both sexes.
Essay
1. What are some of the reasons your book states for measuring crime?
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
2. List at least three crime statistics compiled by law enforcement agencies
throughout the United States.
3. Discuss three limitations to the UCR data.
4. Describe the Supplemental Homicide Report and the information it collects on
homicide victims and offenders.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
5. Compare and contrast the SHR and NVSS data.
6. Describe the two goals of the NIBRS data collection program.
7. Describe at least three limitations to NIBRS data.
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
8. Provide a scenario of a racially motivated hate crime and justify why it would
be classified as a hate crime.
9. Describe the different ways in which the death of law enforcement officers is
tracked by the UCR data.
10. Discuss reasons a victim may not report a crime to the criminal justice
system.
11. Discuss various reasons law enforcement may use data from the National
Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2021
12. Describe the limitations to the NCVS.
13. Compare and contrast the NCVS and UCR.
14. Explain how Monitoring the Future is considered a self-report survey.
15. Explain the benefits of spatial analysis for the criminal justice field.