Criminal Law Chapter 3 What are the preliminary and follow-up investigations?

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Student name:__________

1) Define felony, misdemeanor, and violation.

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2) Contrast inductive and deductive reasoning.

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3) What are the preliminary and follow-up investigations?

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4) Define primary and secondary scenes.

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5) What are macroscopic and microscopic scenes?

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6) Identify and explain the three major crime scene functions.

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7) State and explain the three broad categories of evidence in which investigators have a

particular interest.

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8) What are the rules for crime scene investigators and what do they mean?

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9) There are many measures police officers can take to protect themselves at scenes from

health risks from blood-borne pathogens, such as HIV/AIDS. Identify a minimum of twelve.

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10) _________blank, such as fingerprints and fibers, is often located using alternative light

systems (ALSs).

10) ______

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11) Portable_________blank are quite useful in locating very small items of evidence. These

units are particularly effective in gathering hairs, fibers, and certain types of drug evidence.

11) ______

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12) A(n)_________blank is a large view that includes such things as the relevant location(s),

the victim’s and the suspect’s bodies, cars, and buildings.

12) ______

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13) A list of each item of evidence; the names of the collector and witnesses; and the

location, date, and time of the collection are contained in the_________blank log and in the

lifted prints log.

13) ______

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14) The_________blank is a blood-borne pathogen that is also present in many body fluids

and most commonly spread through vaginal and anal intercourse.

14) ______

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15) _________blank is a chronic bacterial infection that is spread by air and is accountable

for more deaths worldwide than any other infectious disease.

15) ______

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16) A crime scene sketch made by hand on the field is termed a(n)_________blank as

opposed to the more polished, smooth, or finished sketch typically drawn in the office.

16) ______

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17) Using_________blank to document a crime scene offers several advantages: cameras are

relatively inexpensive, they incorporate audio, their use can be quickly learned, and the motion

holds the attention of viewers.

17) ______

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18) A basic diagram of the scene showing important points, such as the locations where

various pieces of physical evidence were located is the_________blank.

18) ______

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19) _________blank is the process of taking and recording the precise measurements of items

of evidence to be drawn or “fixed” on a sketch.

19) ______

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20) _________blank are the sketches that are made in the field and/or at the crime scene.

20) ______

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21) The textbook refers to five major forensic mapping methods. These include rectangular

coordinates, triangulation,_________blank, polar coordinates, and the grid system.

21) ______

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22) A felony is an act usually punishable by imprisonment for

22) ______

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A) one or more years and/or a $500 fine.

B) six months and/or a $1,000 fine.

C) a term of one or more years, or by death.

D) six months and/or a $500 fine.

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23) A misdemeanor is a lesser offense that may be punishable by

23) ______

A) a fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500.

B) imprisonment for no more than a year.

C) more than one year in prison.

D) a fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500 and/or imprisonment for no more than a year.

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24) After interviewing the victim of a crime and two witnesses and examining the crime

scene and the physical evidence, you use all of this information as a basis for developing a

unifying and internally consistent explanation of the event. You have

24) ______

A) used inductive reasoning.

B) committed Locard’s Fallacy.

C) used deductive reasoning.

D) proceeded in an unobjective manner.

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25) Identify a true statement about successful investigators.

25) ______

A) They know that investigation is a systematic method of inquiry that is more science

than art.

B) They refrain from self-monitoring and rely on inductive and deductive reasoning

because these methods are unlikely to be distorted.

C) They realize that successful investigations are always produced by rote application of

the appropriate steps.

D) They sometimes use illegal and unethical methods that are used to solve a case.

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26) The actions taken by the first officer to arrive at the scene of a crime after its detection

and reporting are collectively termed the

26) ______

A) essential part of police work.

B) follow-up investigation.

C) cold search.

D) preliminary investigation.

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27) A(n)_________blank is the police effort expended after the initial incident report is

completed until the case is ready for prosecution.

27) ______

A) advanced investigation

B) cold investigation

C) collateral investigation

D) follow-up investigation

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28) If there is a chance the victim of the crime may not survive, the investigator should

always get

28) ______

A) the name of the suspect.

B) a dying declaration.

C) the address of the victim.

D) victim’s next of kin.

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29) Police officers, detectives, and investigators can become calloused and cynical from their

constant contact with criminals and forget that the criminal element does not represent everyone.

Such a situation is a precursor to the law enforcers

29) ______

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A) seeking early retirement.

B) indulging in unethical behavior.

C) suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.

D) displaying increased commitment to duty.

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30) Which of the following terms is defined as a systematic approach to interviewing

residents, merchants, and others who were in the immediate vicinity of a crime and may have

useful information?

30) ______

A) cross-examination

B) neighborhood canvass

C) redirect examination

D) vehicle spotting

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31) Identify the three major functions to be executed at the scene of a crime.

31) ______

A) overall coordination, forensic services, investigative services

B) arrest, search, seizure

C) coordination, arrest, interrogation

D) observation, supervision, technical assistance

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32) Which type of evidence serves to substantiate the distinct set of elements whose

commission or omission must be demonstrated to have occurred in order to prove a criminal

offense?

32) ______

A) crime scene documentation

B) associative evidence

C) the rule of detail

D) corpus delicti evidence

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33) _________blank is bidirectional in that it connects the perpetrator to the scene or victim,

or connects the scene or victim to the suspect.

33) ______

A) Corpus delicti evidence

B) Associative evidence

C) Tracing evidence

D) None of these answers is correct.

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34) Which of the following types of trace evidence may react (fluoresce) from an alternate

light system?

34) ______

A) fingerprints and bodily fluids

B) hairs, fibers, and drugs

C) bite marks, bruises, and human bone fragments

D) All of the answers are correct.

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35) The rule of_________blank requires that standard samples and elimination prints always

be obtained when appropriate.

35) ______

A) caution

B) conceptualization

C) acceptance

D) inclusiveness

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36) Which of the following statements defines an administrative log?

36) ______

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A) It is a written record of lifted-prints evidence that contains the same type of

information as that listed in the evidence recovery log.

B) It is a chronological record of each item of evidence, listing who collected it, where

and when it was collected, who witnessed the collection, and whether it was documented by

photos or diagrams.

C) It is a written record of the actions taken by the crime scene coordinator, including

assignments and release of the scene.

D) It is a written chronological record of all persons who enter and leave the crime scene

and the times they do so, along with their reason for entering.

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37) How does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a blood-borne pathogen, spread?

37) ______

A) through casual contact

B) through closed-mouth kissing

C) through toilet seats, telephones, swimming pools, or drinking fountains

D) None of the answers is correct.

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38) Which of the following is true of a spiral search pattern?

38) ______

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A) It should be performed from the perimeter to the central point.

B) It yields best results when employed at indoor crime scenes.

C) The search should be performed by walking in larger-than-concentric circles.

D) The search should be performed by a minimum of three personnel.

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39) Identify the three basic methods of documenting a crime scene.

39) ______

A) audio recording, video recording, and sketching

B) audio recording, video recording, and photography

C) digital video recording, digital still photography, and audio recording

D) digital videography, digital still photography, and sketching and mapping

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40) Identify a true statement about digital videography as a method of documenting a crime

scene.

40) ______

A) The presence of audio with the video tends to distract and disturb the viewing of

evidence.

B) This method of documentation involves a period of training for the personnel.

C) Police departments must allot a substantial budget for this method as such cameras are

expensive.

D) The recorded motion holds the attention of viewers better than still photographs.

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41) Which of the following is a recommended practice in crime scene still photography?

41) ______

A) If a photo is unacceptable or unclear, it should be deleted.

B) Photograph from the top to represent the bird’s-eye view.

C) Photograph all parts of the crime scene investigation.

D) If a media card has available space, it should be used for another crime scene.

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42) Which of the following statements is true of the grid search pattern used at a crime scene?

42) ______

A) It typically begins with dividing the crime scene area into four large quadrants.

B) It yields best results when performed prior to a strip search of a crime scene.

C) It is considered more methodical and thorough than just a strip/line search.

D) It should be performed in concentric squares from the perimeter to the central point.

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43) In the context of the common methods of forensic mapping, which of the following is the

best method to use with scenes having clear and specific boundaries, such as interior walls?

43) ______

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A) triangulation

B) baseline coordinates

C) grid system

D) rectangular coordinates

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44) The advantage of using the_________blank method is that when there are multiple points

of interest in several different walls, they can be displayed simultaneously in one sketch, as

opposed to having to make and refer to multiple elevation sketches.

44) ______

A) elevation view

B) triangulation

C) cross-projection

D) perspective sketch

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45) In the context of the common methods of forensic mapping, which of the following was

used by archaeologists for many years to record where artifacts and other notable discoveries

were made?

45) ______

A) grid system

B) triangulation

C) baseline coordinates

D) rectangular coordinates

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46) Which of the following would constitute a basis for assigning a “cleared by exceptional

means” classification to a case?

46) ______

A) The suspect is known to the police, but they can’t find him/her to serve a warrant.

B) The suspect is in custody but invokes their rights under the Miranda ruling after being

formally charged.

C) The suspect attends the local college as an exchange student.

D) The suspect is known to the police, but the victim refuses to cooperate with the

prosecution.

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47) Criminal littering is an example of a misdemeanor which is punishable only by a fine,

usually $500.

47) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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48) At a crime scene, saving the victim’s life has a higher value than preserving physical

evidence.

48) ______

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⊚ true

⊚ false

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49) In defining a crime scene, officers must make sure that they also identify possible or

actual lines of approach to, and flight from, the scene and protect them also.

49) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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50) The chain of custody is the witnessed, unbroken, written chronological history of who

had the evidence when.

50) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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51) The investigator assigned to a call must prepare an incident/offense report so the district

attorney will have all the facts of the case.

51) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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52) The primary crime scene is the location where the initial offense was committed, whereas

the locations of all subsequent connected events are secondary scenes.

52) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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53) Forensic services is the responsibility of the senior representative of the department’s

central crime laboratory or a crime scene processing unit.

53) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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54) Crime scene coordination includes interviewing witnesses, conducting and documenting

the neighborhood canvass, and a field interrogation of the suspect if he/she is in custody.

54) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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55) The identification and location of the suspect are the goals of tracing evidence; corpus

delicti and associative evidence may also serve these purposes.

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55) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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56) Human behavior is rich in its variety; in reconstructing a crime, investigators must be

alert to the danger of imparting their own probable motives or actions to the perpetrator unless

there are solid grounds for doing so.

56) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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57) Elimination prints are useful in determining whether a latent fingerprint found at a crime

scene belongs to the suspect.

57) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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58) Blood-splattered wall and bullet holes in windows are examples of a cross-projection

sketch.

58) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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59) A perspective sketch is the easiest to make because it requires drawing an object of

interest in only one dimension.

59) ______

⊚ true

⊚ false

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Answer Key

Test name: chapter 3

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